Supplementary/compounded feeding in Kenyan and Indian dairy systems – why so little?

Place photo here

Ben Lukuyu and Michael Blummel

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FAP Symposium on Feed in Smallholder Systems Luang Prabang, Laos, 18-19 November 2010

Key issues

• Little use Perceived high cost/affordability by farmers Increases cost of milk production Poor returns/quality?

• Inappropriate use When to feed? How much?

• Inappropriate packaging/delivery Micro sizing done by dealers Poor access

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What we know: Concentrate feed value chain in East Africa

Raw material

suppliers

Manufacturers

Delivery systems

Farm level (end users)

Imported

Local

Large scale

Small scale

1. Cooperative societies 2. Private agro-vet shops 3. General merchant shops

1. Smallholder farms 2. Large scale commercial farms

Home made: - Local materials - Purchased ingredients or fed straight

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What we know: Concentrate use in East Africa% of households with cattle utilizing concentrate feeds

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Uganda Rwanda Kenya

10 years ago Currently

% of dairy farmers feeding various concentrate feed types

Message: Concentrate use is on the increase

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Maize germ

Mollasses

Home made rations

Other

Calf pellets

Maize bran

Rice bran

Dairy meal

Uganda Rwanda Kenya

• Dairy meal used by relatively few farmers in Rwanda and Uganda vs. Kenya

• Most farmer use feed ingredients for supplementation

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Inefficiencies in concentrate feed manufacture, delivery and use

Delivery related• Lack of enforcement of feed

standards: Variability in quality/pricing, quality not known/sub standard

• Adulteration/ counterfeit product packaging

• Unqualified manufacturing and advisory staff

• Limited & costly feed testing for quality and variable results from labs

• Small scale feed millers not recognized (Uganda)

Farm(er) related• Lack of knowledge on

nutrient requirements• Recommendations/feeding

not based on diet and production

• Variable forage quantity and quality- (seasonality and opportunistic feeding)

• Response due to concentrate use not measured

• Purchase of small quantities affordable to farmers (micro sizing) 5

Quality of Dairy Meal on Kenyan market

 Component Dairy meal (n=30)Mean Max Min SD

Ash (%) 6 16 1 4.5CP (%) 18 23 4 4.0NDF - (%) DM 45 78 36 7.2ADF - (%) DM 16 47 5 10.5ADL - (%) DM 4 7 2 1.5ME - (Mj/kg) 10 12 7 1.3ivomd (%) 69 78 50 8.2

Source: EADD baseline data, 20106

Complete ration approaches in India

Ingredients %

Sorghum stover

50

Bran/husks/hulls

18

Oilcakes 18

Molasses 8

Grains 4

Minerals, vitamins, urea

2Courtesy: Miracle Fodder and Feeds PVT LTD

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Potential of complete rations with dairy buffalo

Block High Block LowCP (%) 17.2 17.1

ME (MJ/kg) 8.46 7.37

DMI (kg/d) 19.7 18.0

DMI per kg LW 3.6 % 3.3 %

Milk Potential 16.6 kg/d 11.8 kg/d

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What has been done: Concentrate re-allocation

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43

Weeks

Milk

yie

ld (

kg /d

ay/c

ow)

Teatment 1

Teatment 2

Teatment 3

Treatment 3: Animals fed 8 kg dairy meal per day for 75 days then hayTreatment 2: 4 kg for 150 daysTreatment 1: 2 kg for 300 days

1. Feeding adequate amount in the early lactation results higher milk yields2. Farmer may need credit facilities. Is it available?

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Complete ration in India: advantages, uptake, outlook

• Economic advantage over current feeding (largely based on home-mixed supplements) if feed costs >50% of milk price

• Still adoption slow, under promoted, distorted by subsidies

• Decentralized rather than centralized production, down-scaled machinery

• In addition to very targeted (relative to prominent basal diets) supplements

• Developments of labor cost decisive driver for changes in

feeding systems

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Ideas on potential areas of intervention in East Africa

Delivery, markets and quality control• Formulate action-research

interventions on concentrate feed provision: appropriate formulations; micro-sizing; quality control, BDS etc

• Expand concentrate feed markets – promoting private sector investment in feeds

• Public sector role in regulating feed supplement/ concentrate) sales appropriately so smallholders have confidence in the products….

Use at farm level• Strategic use of

supplements/concentrate feeds on smallholder farms

• Formulation and delivery of commercial feed supplements for small-scale lower-income livestock keepers e.g. NOVUS

• Developing supplement/concentrate feeds guidelines that based on diet and production

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Thank you for your attention

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