Summer Project 2014Summer Project 2014

By By

Jack FletcherJack Fletcher

IntroductionIntroduction• In my summer project I am going to be discussing how:

Hardware, Software, Networking and society will have an impact on the future and how it has already effected the planet in today’s world. These options have really influenced how today's life is, because everywhere you go and everything that you do is run by computers and controlled by a code. For example: All of your internet banking is controlled by a main server that has got data protection incorporated so all of your personal information is protected from hackers.

• Most modern day planes are now computer controlled and have a pilot there just in case something was to go wrong with the computer.

• Google are trying to invent the first computer controlled car which eliminates the need for a driver. Personally I wouldn’t like to be in that type of situation, I would like to be in control.

Colossus Colossus

• Colossus was the world’s very first electronic digital computer that was at all programmable. The colossus computer was developed for the British Code-Breakers during the Second World War. It was used to help in the Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz Cipher.

• Without them, then the Allies would have been deprived of the very valuable military intelligence that was obtained from reading a vast amount of encrypted high- level telegraphic messages between the German High Command and their army commands throughout occupied Europe. The colossus computers used thermionic valves to perform Boolean operation and calculations.

• Here is a link that talks a little bit more about the Colossus computer:

• http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8486345.stm

Hardware evolvedHardware evolved• The hardware that we are now

using in today’s world has drastically improved over the last couple of years because of the new technology which is being invented every day. For example the Apple Iphone 5c has got more computer power built into it than the space rocket that landed Neil Armstrong and buzz Aldrin 45 years ago. That just goes to show how much the power of the hardware has evolved with in just 45 years or so. It just makes you wonder how much more the hardware will evolve in just another 45 years time.

How a computer worksHow a computer works• A contemporary computer

system can be categorized into six major components. I am going to show you just a few of these major systems that make up a computer. This central processing unit manipulates data and controls the other parts of the computer system; primary storage temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing; secondary storage stores data and instructions when they are not used in processing; input devices convert data and instructions for processing in computer; output devices present data in a form that people can understand; and communications devices control the passing of information to and from communication networks..

The Cpu contains an arithmetic- logic unit and a control unit. Data and instructions are stored in unique addresses in primary storage that the CPU can access during processing. The data bus, address bus, and control bus transmits signals between the central processing unit, primary storage, and other devices in the computer system.

The control unit coordinates and controls the other parts of the computer system. It reads a stored program, one instruction at a time, and directs other components of the computer system to perform the program’s required tasks. The series of operations required to process a single machine instructions is called the machine cycle. Older computer and PCs have machine cycle times measured in microseconds (millionths of a second). More powerful machines have machine cycle times measured in nanoseconds or picoseconds (trillionths of a second). Another measure of machine cycle time is by MIPS, millions of instructions per second.

• The most widely used secondary storage medium today is the Magnetic disk. There are two kinds of magnetic disks: Floppy disks and hard disks (used on large commercial disk drives and also on PCs). Large mainframe or midrange computer systems have multiple hard disk drives because they require immense disk storage capacity in the gigabyte and terabyte range. PCs also use floppy disks, which are removable and portable, with storage of up to 2.8 megabyte and a much slower access rate than the hard disks. Removable disks drives are popular back up storage alternative for PC systems. Magnetic disks on both large and small computer permit direct access to individual records so that the data that is stored on the disk can be directly accessed regardless of the order in which the data were originally recorded. Disk technology is useful for systems requiring rapid and direct access to data.

How Hardware will develop How Hardware will develop

• Based on the evidence of what’s coming, things are going to get thinner and smaller as you might expect. With that, we’ll also be able to consolidate technology rather than require more hardware to make something happen.

• Microsoft have invented a new Hands on computer that allows multiply people to use the computer at the same time when they are touching different parts of the screen.

• This link will tell you more about the new technology that Microsoft is producing:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7AVuY8xK8Q

How software is built SoftwareHow software is built Software

• Building software is an end-to-end process that involves many distinct functions. Some of these functions are described below.

• Version control: The version control function carries out activities such as workspace creation and updating, base lining and reporting. It creates an environment for the build process to run in and captures metadata about the inputs and outputs of the build process to ensure repeatability and reliability.

• Tools such as Git help with these tasks by offering tools to tag specific points in history as being important, and more.

• Code quality• Also known as static program analysis/static code analysis this function is responsible for

checking developers have adhered to the seven axes of code quality: comments, unit tests, duplication, complexity, coding rules, potential bugs and architecture & design.

• Ensuring a project has high-quality code results in fewer bugs and influences non-functional requirements such as maintainability, extensibility and readability, which have a direct impact on the ROI for your business

• Compilation• This is only a small feature of managing the build process. The compilation function turns source

files into directly executable or intermediate objects. Not every project will require this function.

• While for simple programs the process consists of a single file being compiled, for complex software the source code may consist of many files and may be combined in different ways to produce many different versions.

Different software's Different software's

• Shareware: This software is downloadable from the Internet. Licenses differ, but commonly the user is allowed to try the program for free, for a period stipulated in the license, usually thirty days. At the end of the trial period, it must be purchased or uninstalled. Some shareware incorporates an internal clock that disables the program after the trial period unless a serial number is supplied. Other shareware designs continue to work with "nag" screens, encouraging the user to purchase the program.

• Cripple ware: This software is similar to shareware except that key features will cease to work after the trial period has ended. For example, the "save" function, the print function, or some other vital feature necessary to use the program effectively may become unusable. This "cripples" the program. Other types of crippleware incorporate crippled functions throughout the trial period. A purchase is necessary to unlock the crippled features.

Different software’sDifferent software’s

• Spyware: Spyware is normally free, but can be shareware. It clandestinely "phones home" and sends data back to the creator of the spyware, most often without the user's knowledge. For example, a multimedia player might profile what music and video files the program is called upon to play. This information can be stored with a unique identification tag associated with the specific program on a user's machine, mapping a one-to-one relationship. The concept of spyware is very unpopular, and many programs that use spyware protocols were forced to disclose this to users and offer a means to turn off reporting functions. Other spyware programs divulge the protocols in their licenses, and make acceptance of the spyware feature a condition of agreement for using the software.

• Freeware: Freeware is also downloadable off the Internet and free of charge. Often freeware is only free for personal use, while commercial use requires a paid license. Freeware does not contain spyware or adware. If it is found to contain either of these, it is reclassified as such.

How software has evolved How software has evolved • Over time, software systems, programs as well as applications,

continue to develop. These changes will require new laws and theories to be created and justified. Some models as well would require additional aspects in developing future programs. Innovations and improvements do increase unexpected form of software development. The maintenance issues also would probably change as to adapt to the evolution of the future software. Software process and development are an ongoing experience that has a never-ending cycle. After going through learning and refinements, it is always an arguable issue when it comes to matter of efficiency and effectiveness of the programs.

• There are many ways in which software has improved with time thanks to hardware advances. For example, over time, as hardware became capable of displaying more colours and pixels, software's GUIs have become more photorealistic. And as CPUs, motherboards, and other aspects began to be able to process more information, and as hard drive sizes increased, programs have become more complex and more advanced with more features

How software will developHow software will develop

• It is not unreasonable to speculate on what the future of software engineering will look like in the next 50 years. Software engineering is still a young discipline, with almost a half of a century since the coining of “software engineering”. Although we could claim some sort of success by simply pointing out the software underlying almost every facet of today’s world.

• In the next 50 years, as governments increasingly turn legal policy and services into source code and public APIs. Software designers and developers today must be prepared to build massively-sized software systems on a regular basis. This will often require cooperation of many diverse stakeholders.

• It's no secret that technology trends move fast -- and the tools and means for building those technologies constantly evolve. But if you don't lift your head up every once in a while to look past the next year's projects

How computer networking works. How computer networking works.

• Computer networks, regardless of size and ownership, exist for one main purpose: moving information from one point to another. Beyond that purpose, networks then divide by connection, topology (design), size and architecture.

• Computer networks can use the following types of hardware for fulfilling their purpose:

• Network cards are expansion boards, literally circuit cards that fit into a computer, expanding its abilities for communication (e.g. joining a network). Network cards come in many variations, differentiated by speed. Most now allow for gigabit (very fast) network communication.

• The server can then take the data request and fulfil it by either returning the data requested, sending it to the corresponding network device (printer, , VTC device) or storing the data as asked.

Benefits of using computer Benefits of using computer networking.networking.

• These are just some of the benefits of using computer networking: • printer sharing - Once a home network is in place, it's easy to then set up all of the

computers to share a single printer. No longer will you need to bounce from one system or another just to print out an email message. Other computer peripherals can be shared similarly such as network scanners, Web cams, and CD burners.

• Internet connection sharing - Using a home network, multiple family members can access the Internet simultaneously without having to pay an ISP for multiple accounts. You will notice the Internet connection slows down when several people share it, but broadband Internet can handle the extra load with little trouble.

• multi-player games - Many popular home computer games support LAN mode where friends and family can play together, if they have their computers networked.

• Internet telephone service - So-called Voice over IP services allow you to make and receive phone calls through your home network across the Internet, saving you money.

• home entertainment - Newer home entertainment products such as digital video recorders (DVRs) and video game consoles now support either wired or wireless home networking. Having these products integrated into your network enables online Internet gaming, video sharing and other advanced features.

How it has shaped the human raceHow it has shaped the human race

• Computer networking has had one of the biggest influences and has shaped the human race more than any thing else because everything today is now run by small independent computer networks. For example: All of the phone companies have their own specific Network which all of their customers connect to on a daily basis and use the internet from it, also all the banks have got a number of different computers and systems that are all connected by networks which hold all of the confidential information from all of the banks customers.

• These are just a few of the networks that have shaped the human race because these are things that are used and are vital to a lot of people and might not be able to live with out the use of them. This is why the Computer networks are one of the most important things that have been invented.

How have computer hardware, How have computer hardware, software and networks shaped our software and networks shaped our

world world

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHmel4EiEhM

I feel that this video that I have found on YouTube is the best way to describe how technology such as Computer hardware, software and networks have shaped out the world and made it what it is today. It describes all the small details in specific topics. It ticks all the boxes.

SocietySociety

• 3. Ultra HD 4K Will Spread to Television and PhonesImproved mobile devices will be released that include Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 processors by the end of 2014, which can handle 4K video and completely revolutionize the way video will be viewed. Proof that this is happening now is the fact the both the FIFA World Cup and the Winter Olympics are being filmed in 4K, along with more content being released via Netflix, Sony and others throughout 2014.

• 4. No-Touch InterfacesMany smart phone users are already familiar with no-touch technology thanks to voice recognition software integrated into their wireless devices. Smartphone users use apps like Google Now on Android and Siri on iOS for hands-free access to endless amounts of information. With advances in sensors and cameras, no-touch interfaces and devices will only continue to be integrated into daily life.

Society p.2Society p.2• 5. 3-D Printing

The growth rate of 3-D printers is projected to be 75 percent this year, with another large jump to 200 percent by 2015. Once thought to be impossible, the consumer market is now aware that 3-D printing is a real and viable means to reduce costs through improved designs, streamlined prototyping, and short-run manufacturing.

• 6. Wearable TechnologyThis technology is all the rage at the moment, but it is not a technology that will illuminate smart phones anytime soon. This technology involves a number of items and is a fast-growing category that includes any small piece of technology that can be worn on one's body. Research firm ABI estimates that this industry will hit.

• 9. Online Video StreamingWith the demand of streaming video from the broadcast networks, your computer is no longer used to simply learn and laugh along with your favourite YouTube videos. The future of online streaming is happening at a remarkable speed. Data downloads are currently at about 17GB per month, but this number is expected to exceed 70GB per month by 2017. The future lies with the HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding), which is the video compression technology that will make streaming 4K videos possible.

Sources pageSources page

• http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/14071/14409392/Learning_Tracks/Ess10_CH04_LT1_How_Computer_Hardware_and_Software_Work.pdf (Hardware)

• http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingconcepts/a/how-computer-networks-work-introduction-to-interconnects.htm (Networking)

• http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4915145_computer-network-work.html(Networking)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHmel4EiEhM (society)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-x91dD8PJzA (future)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7AVuY8xK8Q

( Hardware)