Status and Impact of ASF in Cameroon

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African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa

BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

Dr Andre NgangnouAnimal Pathology Dpt

National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET) GAROUA - CAMEROON

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OUTLINE• INTRODUCTION• ASF in CAMROON• Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon• Control Measures• Conclusion• Perspectives

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1. Introduction1.1. Overview of National Vet Services

Far-North

North

Adamaoua

East

West

North-West

South-West CentreLittoral

Distribution of National Vet Services

10 Regional Delegations58 Divisional Delegations257 Sub Divisional Delegations700 Veterinary and zootechnicalCentres

Country divided into Ten Regions

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1. Introduction (Cont’d)

1.2. Pig population and Production system

. Estimated to 2 millions.

. Low annual Production: 42.000 tons of meat tons per year

. Traditional sector: 30% of pig production (local breed, practiced all over the country)

. Family sector: 50% of pig production (cross breed from local/exotic), practiced in 04

regions (North West, West, Centre and Littoral)

. Modern sector: 20% of pig production (exotic breeds with Large White, Landrace et

Duroc) ; characterized by adequate feeding system, practiced mainly in three regions

(West, North West and Littoral)

. More than 250.000 pig breeders are registered within the country

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2. ASF in Cameroon

2.1. 1982-2000

. First outbreaks registered in 1982 in Littoral regions

. Origin of the introduction unknown, several hypothesis developed, but not confirmed

. Controlled measures (Disinfection, stamping out, sanitary empty, financial compensation)

. Disease not eradicated as endemic in the southern part of the country

. A specialized ASF laboratory installed in Yaounde with the support of FA0

.Epidemiological survey carried out in 2004: 12% of sero prevalence

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2. ASF in Cameroon (Cont’d)2.2. 2002-2009. Country divided into three zones: Northern part (free), Buffer zone (Adamawa),

Southern part (endemic)

. Pig movements (trade) from free zone to endemic

. Uncontrolled movements from the endemic zone to free (male bought from endemicareas to free areas, aiming at producing cross breed)

. Development of the National Programme, aiming at improving pig breeding system(2005)

. Trough out control measures, reduction of the incidence of ASF from 11% in 1988 to4%, in 2006-2007

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3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011)3.1. Keys epidemiological information. Early 2010: Suspicion of ASF based on unusual cases of mortality in the North and

Adamawa regions.. Late 2010: Suspicion of ASF based also on unusual mortalities in the Far North

Regions.

3.2. Field investigations:Teams: Mixed (Laboratory and technicians

from the Ministry of Livestock). 122 pig farms visited. 35 carcasses autopsied

(22 in the North and 13 in the Far-North regions)7Disinfection

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African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan, Africa,

BecA-ILRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

Skin hemorrhage (exotic breed)

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon ((2009-2011) Cont’d

Uncoordinated movements, paresis, hyperaemia, anorexia, petechia(skin), ecchymosis of the abdominal skin and legs, death

3.3. Main clinical signs findings

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Paresis Uncoordinated movements

3.3. Main clinical findings (Cont’d)

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3.3. Main clinical findings (Cont’d)

Skin hemorrhage (local breed)) Paresis (local breed)

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3.4. Main post mortem findingsMassive haemorrhage of the gastro-hepatic and lymphatic lymph nodes, petechialhaemorrhage of the kidney and larynx, spleenomegaly.

Hydrothoraxes Spleenomegaly

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3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d3.4. Laboratory analysis

.Tissues samples collected. Laboratory analysis

- Serology (Blocking ELISA)- Multiplex ASF and CSF PCR techniques. Results below (Adamawa region)Region Samples Quantities Lab Techniques Results

Adamawa Entire blood 32 PCR 11 Positive

Kidney 04 PCR 03 Positive

Spleen 05 PCR 03 Positive

Serum 58 ELISA 03 Positive

Total Adamawa 99 20

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3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)Results (North region)

Region Samples Quantities Lab Techniques ResultsNorth Entire blood 13 PCR 07 Positive

Kidney 06 PCR 00 Positive

Spleen 04 PCR 02 Positive

Serum 26 ELISA 01 Positive

Total North 49 11

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3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)3.4.1. Results (Far North region)

. Serology:-ASF Blocking ELISA, Ingezim PPA Compac, 11.PPA.K3, Ingenesa, Madrid, Spain-The kit uses polystyrene plates pre-coated with purified protein extract from VP73,major structural protein from ASFV

Comments

Region Samples Quantities Lab Techniques Results

Far North Entire blood 36 PCR 13 positiveKidney 15 PCR 07 PositiveSpleen 17 PCR 04 PositiveSerum 36 ELISA 00 Positive

Total North 104 24

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Bech-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)3.4.1.Results (Cont’d)Comments (Cont’d)PCR- Technique as described by Agüero et al. (1) protocol.

- Primers as recommended by the OIE

- A gel based multiplex RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous and differential detectionof ASFV and CSFV in clinical samples as described by Agüero et al. used to screenthe same samples

- Suspicions confirmed based on Laboratory investigations (Serology and PCR)

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3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)3.4.1.Results (Cont’d)Comments (Cont’d)

- At the same period, confirmation of the role of pig population movements assources of the dissemination of the disease from the endemic zones (southern partof the country) to the previously free zones (northern regions)

- PCR technique sensitive for the early detection

- Country as a whole considered as infected

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• A total of 22 outbreaks (15 in 2010 and 7 in early 2011) confirmed by laboratoryanalysis out of about 40 reported in different farms of various infected localities inthe three northern regions of Cameroon.

• Out of theses 22 outbreaks, 20 confirmed by the detection of ASF viral DNA intissues and whole blood samples using PCR

• 2 out of 22 outbreaks confirmed using blocking ELISA for the detection of ASFVantibodies in sera.

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- Positive cases were registered using serology (three in Adamawa region and one in the in the North region.

- Tissue samples of. A multiplex RT-PCR used to differentiate ASFV from CSFV

- The multiplex RT-PCR detected only ASFV nucleic acids

- No case of CSF detected

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4. Control Measures

4.1. Administrative. Ministerial decision N° 00150 (Ministry of Livestock) of 28 of April 2010 including:

- Destruction of the Pig PARC in the Ngaoundere (Adamawa) railways station

.- Stamping out of pigs reared in infected areas in Garoua and Ngaoundere down town

- Banning pigs movements from the southern to the northern regions of the country

- Closing of Pigs markets in Adamawa and North regions

- Reinforcement of sanitary barrier created by the decision N° 00163/MINEPIA of 25July 2006

- Involvement of each Regional Delegate in the implementation of all officialdecisions with regard to the eradication of ASF

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4. Control Measures (Cont’d)4.1. Administrative . Ministerial decision N°00175 (Ministry of Livestock) of 10 May 2010, extending

application of the ministerial decision N° 150 of the 28 April 2010 to the Far North Region

. Decision of the 2nd of June, issued by the Diamare Divisional Officer declaring this Division infected and detailing sanitary measure to be put in place, mainly:

- Banning free range pig rearing, pig trade markets, slaughtering, pig movement within and outside the Division ;

- Implementation of the stamping out strategy in infected farms.

- Liftage of implemented measures if negative results obtained in sero surveillance activities in infected areas three months after the last case, assuming that disinfection carried out in infected farms

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4. Control Measures (Cont’d)4.2. Sanitary : stamping Out

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BecA-IlRI, CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

5. Conclusion

. ASF introduced in Cameroon in 1982

. Although eradication measures put in place, southern regions of the country endemicwith regard to ASF up to 2010

. In 2010, ASF outbreaks confirmed in the northern regions

. In these regions, 14 subdivisions out of 75 were infected

. Cause of the introduction of ASF in the Northern regions: Commercial activities

. Mortality:15.373 animals

. Control measures included: Administrative and sanitary

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BecA-IlRI, CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

5. Conclusion (Cond’t)

. Sanitary (Stamping out): 12.262 animals

. Other measures implemented (banning of animals movements, pigs markets, etc.).

. In 2011: only 02 (two) outbreaks registered (Far North region)

. Although control measures put in place, ASF not eradicated

. ASF: Mayor constraint in the development of pigs breeding in Cameroon

. Estimated financial lost to National Economy: More that 40.000.000 USD per year

. Main cause of inefficiency of control measures: lack of financial compensation afterstamping out

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6. Perspectives- Role of Ornitodorus moubata in the epidemiology of ASF (vector): yet to

be determined

- Role of Wild live as reservoir in the ASF spread in Cameroon: notexcluded, but to be confirmed

- Importance of tracing the source of infection using Molecularepidemiological investigation

- Importance to constitute a bank of different strains of ASFV circulating inthe country and its neighbouring countries

- Importance of regional approach in the control of ASF

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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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Status and Impact of ASF in Cameroon