Taking SQL Server Beyond Relational Into the Realm of Spatial Data Management

Michael RysPrincipal Program Manager@SQLServerMike

Session Objectives and Takeaways

Session Objective(s): You will understand the existing and upcoming spatial capabilities of SQL Server 2012

Know how to optimize your spatial queries

Key Takeaways:SQL Server 2012 offers a comprehensive, easy to use and high-performing spatial offering

The Business Opportunity

Increased user-sophistication• More data

sources• More kinds of

data• Integrated

systems and mash-ups

Ubiquitous geographical technology• GPS• Online mapping

services• Availability of

geographical data

Spatial Teaser

demo

Customer-base management

and development Environmenta

l-related data impact,

analysis, and planning

Financial and economic analysis in

communities

Government-based planning

and development

analysis

Market segmentation and analysis

Scientific research

study design and analysis

Real-estate development and analysis

Spatial Data Scenarios

What Is Spatial Data?Vector DataRaster Data

Satellite ImageryDigitized Aerial Photos

POINT MULTIPOINT Tree, Pole, Hydrant, Valve

LINESTRING MULTILINESTRING Road, River, Railway, Pipeline

POLYGON MULTIPOLYGONCadastre, Park, Administrative Boundary

COLLECTION Graphics, Markups

New Spatial Type Features in SQL Server 2012

Circular arcs segmentsCircularStringsCompoundCurvesCurvePolygons

All methods support circular arcs

Circular arc support on a ellipsoidRed – CircularString with 4 pointsYellow – LineString with the same 4 points

Other New Type Features in SQL Server 2012

New relational methods added to geographyTo match geometry

Invalid objects are accepted for geographyMakeValid will convert them to valid objects

Bigger than a hemisphere objects for geographyFULLGLOBE spatial object is available“small” holes can be created

Increased precision from 27 to 48 bits for spatial computationsPersisted computed columns of a spatial typeSpatial AggregatorsNew Index features

Creating spatial objects

My GPS position is (@lat, @lon)

Get a region of 20m around medeclare @region geography = geography::Point(@lat, @lon).STBuffer(20);

declare @g geography = geography::Point(@lat, @lon, 4326);

Using spatial objects

Get all stores within distance X

Get all stores inside a city Xselect * from Stores swhere s.geo.STIntersects(@myCityBoundary)=1

select * from Stores swhere s.geo.STDistance(@me)<@x

geography data type• Geodetic (“Round Earth”) geospatial model:

• Ellipsoidal coordinates (Lat, Long, Z, M)• Define points, lines, and areas with

longitude and latitude• Account for planetary curvature and obtain

accurate “great circle” distances

geometry data type• Planar (“Flat Earth”) geospatial model

• projected ‘flat map’ (X, Y, Z, M)• Define points, lines, and areas with

coordinates• Use for localized areas or non-projected

surfaces such as interior spaces

Comprehensive Spatial SupportSpatial Data Types

A Note about Projections

The Mercator projection did not come out until 1569. Please play along

Spatial format exampleWell-Known-Binary:

0x0103000000010000000500000000000000004CDDC000000000004C0D4100000000004CDD4000000000004CDD4000000000C07A104100000000004CDD400000000000BD0F41000000000088134100000000004CDDC000000000004C0D41Well-Known-Text:'POLYGON(( -30000 240000, 30000 30000, 270000 30000, 260000 320000, -30000 240000))'GML:<Polygon xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/gml">

<exterior><LinearRing><posList> -30000 240000 30000 30000 270000 30000 260000 320000 -30000 240000 </posList></LinearRing></exterior> </Polygon>

A More Complicated PolygonGEOMETRYCOLLECTION (LINESTRING (249779.875 316019.75, 249771.98655378487 316005.40737051796), POLYGON ((228869.875 314609.75, 228870.82875722542 314611.91763005778, 228852.73214285716 314634.03571428568, 228869.875 314609.75)), LINESTRING (218999.875 310799.75, 218890.89169195751 310666.54817905917), POLYGON ((214987.51136363635 305790.84090909094, 215609.875 305879.75, 215639.875 306329.75, 214987.51136363635 305790.84090909094)), POLYGON ((214949.875 305759.75, 214987.51136363635 305790.84090909094, 214922.60227272729 305781.56818181818, 214949.875 305759.75)), POLYGON ((198779.875 305129.75, 198899.875 306239.75, 198770.62329931973 305154.03571428568, 198779.875 305129.75)), POINT (213689.875 305069.75), LINESTRING (192443.05681818182 299977.02272727271, 192299.875 299849.75), POLYGON ((211164.81006493507 298267.15259740257, 211259.875 298409.75, 211049.875 298979.75, 211164.81006493507 298267.15259740257)), POLYGON ((208559.875 296459.75, 208649.875 296879.75, 208593.18772084807 296870.60689045937, 208559.875 296459.75)), POLYGON ((186209.875 295676.75, 186211.79719679634 295678.23970251717, 186209.875 295679.75, 186209.875 295676.75)), POLYGON ((185486.51051401871 295116.14252336451, 186209.875 295289.75, 186209.875 295676.75, 185486.51051401871 295116.14252336451)), POLYGON ((185465.01013513515 295099.4797297297, 185486.51051401871 295116.14252336451, 185459.875 295109.75, 185465.01013513515 295099.4797297297)), POLYGON ((185400.42045454547 294822.84090909094, 185567.52205882352 294894.45588235295, 185465.01013513515 295099.4797297297, 185129.875 294839.75, 185400.42045454547 294822.84090909094)), POLYGON ((217919.875 293309.75, 217922.22136871508 293311.76117318438, 217979.875 293729.75, 217919.875 293309.75)), POLYGON ((260978.05681818182 291114.29545454547, 260981.41346153847 291116.16025641025, 260999.875 291179.75, 260978.05681818182 291114.29545454547)), POLYGON ((260729.875 290369.75, 260978.05681818182 291114.29545454547, 260339.875 290759.75, 260729.875 290369.75)), POLYGON ((256654.2123493976 288283.484939759, 256705.79733009709 288304.11893203884, 256709.875 288389.75, 256654.2123493976 288283.484939759)), POLYGON ((257129.875 287699.75, 257069.875 288449.75, 256705.79733009709 288304.11893203884, 256679.875 287759.75, 257129.875 287699.75)), POLYGON ((233340.88623595506 287202.55898876407, 233339.875 287219.75, 233327.40563147975 287220.00447690859, 233340.88623595506 287202.55898876407)), POLYGON ((235284.85174418605 286116.3081395349, 235292.54166666669 286117.75, 235289.875 286139.75, 235284.85174418605 286116.3081395349)), POINT (249059.875 286049.75), POLYGON ((249539.875 285299.75, 249605.10755813954 285353.12209302327, 249523.65591872792 285314.16696113074, 249539.875 285299.75)), POLYGON ((249179.875 285149.75, 249523.65591872792 285314.16696113074, 248999.875 285779.75, 249179.875 285149.75)), POLYGON ((235060.13538001408 280522.65640394087, 235589.875 281249.75, 234929.875 281069.75, 235060.13538001408 280522.65640394087)), POLYGON ((234969.1261912866 280397.74183117767, 235079.875 280439.75, 235060.13538001408 280522.65640394087, 234969.1261912866 280397.74183117767)), POLYGON ((255634.01293103449 280197.06034482759, 255899.875 280409.75, 255419.875 280439.75, 255634.01293103449 280197.06034482759)), POLYGON ((255762.41231343284 280051.5410447761, 255634.01293103449 280197.06034482759, 255599.875 280169.75, 255762.41231343284 280051.5410447761)), POLYGON ((256919.875 277979.75, 256949.875 278009.75, 256719.875 278239.75, 256919.875 277979.75)), POLYGON ((233159.875 276899.75, 233339.875 277139.75, 233129.29648760331 276951.73347107437, 233159.875 276899.75)), POLYGON ((257429.875 276569.75, 257849.875 277649.75, 257249.875 277589.75, 257729.875 277889.75, 257399.875 278009.75, 257549.875 278609.75, 256949.875 278009.75, 257129.875 277829.75, 257429.875 276569.75)), POINT (186899.875 272969.75), POLYGON ((40823.531387665193 272066.7896475771, 40829.875 272069.75, 40659.586751662966 273233.38636363635, 40659.158594743538 273233.83647732087, 40823.531387665193 272066.7896475771)), POLYGON ((240029.875 263759.75, 240095.94960035523 263817.56527531083, 240075.5039027654 263838.56355932204, 240029.875 263759.75)), POLYGON ((240179.875 262259.75, 240359.875 262589.75, 239789.875 262769.75, 240509.875 263339.75, 240209.875 263279.75, 240269.875 263969.75, 240095.94960035523 263817.56527531083, 240239.875 263669.75, 239399.875 263099.75, 239339.875 262559.75, 240179.875 262259.75)), POINT (34679.875 261659.75), POLYGON ((226326.93676961603 258612.92195325543, 226314.30139593908 258884.58248730964, 226139.875 258899.75, 226326.93676961603 258612.92195325543)), LINESTRING (225689.875 258989.75, 225779.875 258449.75), POLYGON ((60911.292004048584 257375.70141700405, 60929.875 257399.75, 60881.4787735849 257460.88207547169, 60911.292004048584 257375.70141700405)), POLYGON ((60599.875 256049.75, 61049.875 256979.75, 60911.292004048584 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POINT (55229.875 232469.75), LINESTRING (25980.907504780116 232494.53011472276, 25979.875 232469.75), POLYGON ((265369.78911042947 231682.57208588958, 265572.02376033057 232037.84917355373, 265319.875 231869.75, 265369.78911042947 231682.57208588958)), POLYGON ((25799.875 231599.75, 25806.53199782451 231606.776831037, 25798.977639296194 231611.11656891496, 25799.875 231599.75)), POLYGON ((264929.875 230909.75, 265559.875 230969.75, 265369.78911042947 231682.57208588958, 264929.875 230909.75)), POLYGON ((1091.2984875444818 230828.82473309609, 1379.875 230879.75, 1019.875 231209.75, 1091.2984875444818 230828.82473309609)), POLYGON ((1109.875 230729.75, 1091.2984875444818 230828.82473309609, 1001.6453349282238 230813.00358851673, 1109.875 230729.75)), POLYGON ((228839.875 230249.75, 229259.875 230339.75, 229469.875 231149.75, 228779.875 230999.75, 229079.875 230549.75, 228659.875 230609.75, 228959.875 230369.75, 228839.875 230249.75)), POINT (175379.875 230099.75), POINT (263969.875 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142289.875 119189.7

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((228869.875 314609.75, 228870.82875722542 314611.91763005778, 228852.73214285716 314634.03571428568, 228869.875 314609.75)), LINESTRING (218999.875 310799.75, 218890.89169195751 310666.54817905917), POLYGON ((214987.51136363635 305790.84090909094, 215609.875 305879.75, 215639.875 306329.75, 214987.51136363635 305790.84090909094)), POLYGON ((214949.875 305759.75, 214987.51136363635 305790.84090909094, 214922.60227272729 305781.56818181818, 214949.875 305759.75)), …..

Spatial Examples

demo

Circular ArcsGeography Type Considerations

CIRCULARSTRING (0 50, 90 50, 180 50, 270 50, 0 50)

CURVEPOLYGON (CIRCULARSTRING (0 50, 90 50, 180 50, 270 50, 0 50))

If a circular linestring encloses an area, a curve polygon can be created

Coordinate pair order is importantfor the geography type. This setof coordinates is ordered accordingto the “left foot rule” for exteriorrings.

Both types provide static and instance methodsCalculate distances, find intersections, etc.

SELECT StreetNameFROM StreetsWHERE Streets.StreetGeo.STIntersects(@ms) = 1

Find streets that intersect the Microsoft campus

Performing Spatial Operations

Spatial operations

BOOLEAN OPERATIONS

STUnionSTIntersectionSTDifferenceSTSymDifference

RELATION OPERATIONS

STIntersectsSTContainsSTWithinSTTouchesSTOverlaps

CONSTRUCTIONS

STConvexHullSTBufferSTReduceBufferWithCurves

NUMERICAL OPERATIONS

STDistanceSTLengthSTAreaShortestLineTo

New Spatial Methods in SQL Server 2012

To both types geometry\geography STCurveN(int n)Int STNumCurves()geometry\geography STCurveToLine()geometry\geography CurveToLineWithTolerance(int tolerance, bool relative)geometry\geography BufferWithCurves(double range)geometry\geography ShortestLineTo(geometry\geography other)Bool CompatibleWithDbCompatibilityLevel(int compatLevel)

To GEOGRAPHY typeBool STIsValid()Geography MakeValid()Bool STContains(geography other)Bool STWithin(geography other)Bool STOverlaps(geography other)Geography STConvexHull()Bool ReorientObject(geography other)

New Methods for Circular ArcsBufferWithCurves

BufferWithCurves()

DECLARE @g GEOGRAPHY = GEOGRAPHY::STGeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(0 50, 45 50, 90 50)',4326)DECLARE @b GEOGRAPHY = @g.BufferWithCurves(500000)SELECT @b.STNumPoints()--Number of vertices: 11

DECLARE @g GEOGRAPHY = GEOGRAPHY::STGeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(0 50, 45 50, 90 50)',4326)DECLARE @b GEOGRAPHY = @g.STBuffer(500000)SELECT @b.STNumPoints()--Number of vertices: 257

This method will construct theresulting polygon with circular arcs, often resulting in a dramatically smaller spatialobject.

New GEOGRAPHY MethodsReorientObject

ReorientObject

• This method will reverse the order of coordinates which define polygon rings.

• This method is a NoOp on line strings, circular arcs and points.

• This method does only work with the GEOGRAPHY type.

Convert Existing Data to Spatial Data

Convert 2 columns (latitude, longitude) to geography

or

alter table MyTableadd geo as (geography::Point(lat, lon, 4326)) persisted

update MyTableset geo = geography::Point(lat, lon, 4326)

Spatial Reference ID (SRID)Each Spatial object has an SRID associatedSRID is “locale” for spatial objects

Determines Coordinate systemMeasurementsProjection semanticsGeoid dimensions

Only objects of same SRID can operationally be combinedSRID for GEOGRAPHY (default: WGS 84)

Impacts operational semantics390 predefined SRIDs based on European Petroleum Survey Group List:select * from sys.spatial_reference_systemsSQL Server 2012: We added 1 Microsoft specified SRID for a spherical globe!

SRID for GEOMETRY (default: 0)User-defined, no impact on operational semantics

Convert Existing Data to Spatial Data

Use address geocoder to convert addresses to points (Latitude, Longitude)zip codes to polygons

Web services:Bing MapsGoogle MapsYahoo PlaceFinderOpenStreetMapsESRIOthers…

webgis.usc.edu/Services/Geocode/About/GeocoderList.aspx

Generate Your Own

Dynamic data generationGPS devicesCamerasPhones

Using toolsBing MapsIDV Spatial wikiOthers…

www.idvsolutions.com/products_spatialWiki.aspx

Get More Out of Your Data

Use spatial aggregates to getCity boundaries out of the zip codesState boundaries out of the zip codesCountries out of the states

UnionAggregate EnvelopeAggregate CollectionAggregateConvexHullAggregate

Get Additional Data

Get it freeAsk your local governmentFederal, State and Local data www.geodata.govOpen source maps www.openstreetmap.orgthe U.S. Census Bureau www.census.gov/geo/www/cob

Buy itESRIPitney Bowes MapInfoNAVTEQTeleAtlasdatamarket.azure.com

and others....

How do I Load Spatial Data?

Shape2SQLDownload from SharpGIS.netBuilt using the redistributable spatial library.WPF project using the Builder APIDoes not need to be on the same machine as the database instance

MapPoint Add-in for SQL ServerFree downloadNeeds Microsoft MapPoint (Free Trial available)

SAFE FMECommercial grade, lots of options

ESRI ArcGISPitney Bowes EasyLoader

Generating and Loading Spatial Data

demo

High Performance Spatial CapabilitiesSpatial Indexing

Spatial indexing is built into the query engine

Grid-based quad-tree index structure

Query optimizer determines cost-based query plans

Status of Spatial in SQL Azure

SQL Server 2008 Spatial support got added to SQL Azure in Summer 2010SQL Server 2012 is extending Spatial Capabilities, some are already available in SQL Azure now!

Capabilities that can work with compat level 100

What is new in SQL Azure Spatial Support in 2011

New MethodsGEOGRAPHY Parity with GEOMETRY TYPE: STContains, STOverlaps etcNew Capabilities:

AsBinaryZM(), IsValidDetailed(), ShortestLineTo()Spatial Aggregators: CollectionAggregate, ConvexHullAggregate, EnvelopeAggregate*, UnionAggregate

Better PerformanceNearest Neighbor Query PlanPersisted Computed Spatial ColumnsUnitSphere SRID 104001 for GEOGRAPHY

• geometry and geography data types

• Methods for spatial operations

Take advantage of comprehensive spatial support

• Store spatial data with business data• Spatial indexing

Build high performance spatial

solutions

• Industry-standards compatibility• Comprehensive programmatic

library

Extend and integrate geospatial

applications

Conclusion