Brian Cooper 1

Space and Human Services Planning

Concepts, issues and problems

Brian Cooper 2

Aims and objectives of the study

To provide better understanding the complexity of human service planning and space ultilisation

Identify issues and problems with human services planning

Debates surrounding spatial data Issues of visualisation of human

service data Methodologies to be considered Implications of the study

Brian Cooper 3

Defining space

Physical Physical space is defined via measurement . Currently,

the standard space interval, called a standard metre, is defined as the distance travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second (exact).

Measurement The measurement of physical space has long been

important. Geometry , the name given to the branch of mathematics which measures spatial relations, was popularised by the ancient Greeks , although earlier societies had developed measuring systems. The International System of Units , (SI), is now the most common system of units used in the measuring of space, and is almost universally used within science .

Geography is the branch of science concerned with identifying and describing the Earth , utilising spatial awareness to try and understand why things exist in specific locations.

Cartography is the mapping of spaces to allow better navigation, for visualisation purposes and to act as a locational device. Astronomy is the science involved with the observation, explanation and measuring of objects in outer space .

Brian Cooper 4

Defining space

Social The combined use and perception of space by

distinct social groups, as opposed to personal space. Social space provides an environmental framework for the behaviour of the group; it is culturally complex, flexible, multiply configured, networked, and reflexive. http://www.answers.com/topic/social-space

Personal Personal space is the region surrounding

each person, or that area which a person considers their domain or territory. The amount of space a being (person, plant, animal) needs falls into two categories, immediate individual physical space (determined

by imagined boundaries), and the space an individual considers theirs to

live in (often called habitat).

Brian Cooper 5

Defining space

Temporal Of, relating to, or limited by time: a temporal

dimension; temporal and spatial boundaries Virtual (Cyberspace)

The word "cyberspace" (from cybernetics and space) was coined by science fiction novelist and seminal cyberpunk author William Gibson in his 1982 story "Burning Chrome" and popularized by his 1984 novel Neuromancer.The portion of Neuromancer cited in this respect is usually the following: Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination

experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts... A graphic representation of data abstracted from banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding, (69). Hola

Brian Cooper 6

Defining space

Psychological Distinct branch within psychology

dealing the perception of space, the focus deals with the recognition of an object's physical appearance or its interactions are perceived

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space Philosophical

Organic space Perceptual space Symbolic space

Harvey (1973 p28)

Brian Cooper 7

Defining cartographic space

Personal Land use Administrative Statistical

Brian Cooper 8

Hierarchies of space - personal

Society

Region

Individual/family household

Community

Neighbourhood

State

Region

Place

Space

Locality

Ter

tiary

rel

atio

nshi

ps

Sec

onda

ry r

elat

ions

hips

Prim

ary

rela

tions

hips

Brian Cooper 9

Personal Space

Brian Cooper 10

Ter

tiary

rel

atio

nshi

ps

Sec

onda

ry r

elat

ions

hips

Prim

ary

rela

tions

hips

Statistical Space

Brian Cooper 11

Land Use

Title to land clearly stated and described.

Hierarchy Lot, portion, parish, city/shire, county,

division Permitted uses defined by zoning and

local planning rules Hierarchy of use definitions

Development Control Local Environment Plan Specialist Planning requirements e.g..

Heritage, social development, economic development

Regional Environment Plan State Environment Plans

Brian Cooper 12

Administrative Space

No consistency in the determination of boundaries.

Each authority will determine its administrative geography according internal needs and political considerations

Sub-regional geography boundaries variable, some based on locality, postcode or local government areas

Often sub-regional boundaries will overlap

Brian Cooper 13

Issues for planning human services

Conflicting definitional issues of space Statistical Land use Administrative Personal

Typologies of space Area based approaches

Brian Cooper 14

Problems of planning methodology

Scale Spatial fallacies

Multiple Areal Unit Problem Ecological Fallacy

Statistical fallacies Anthropomorphism of social

disadvantage and equity

Brian Cooper 15

Problem of numbers

Because an area has the numbers it may not have the population base for a service

Brian Cooper 16

Human service planning process – Australian Social Inclusion Board

A 5-step methodology for selecting priority locations to assist children at risk and jobless families in deeply disadvantaged locations, namely:1. For each suburb the population of people

residing in the most disadvantaged five per cent of collection districts nationally is calculated.

2. A Geographic Information System is used to identify any single suburbs or clusters of suburbs where over 3000 persons (2000 in rural areas) reside in one of the most disadvantage five per cent of suburbs.

AUSTRALIAN SOCIAL INCLUSION BOARD Record of the meeting of the Board on 19 November, 2008

Brian Cooper 17

Human service planning process – Australian Social Inclusion Board

3. These areas are cross-referenced against other key indicators of disadvantage.

4. The refined list is used as a basis for consultation with states and territories to help refine the list of priority interventions and identify potential strategic options for collaboration.

5. Consideration is given to including at least one location below the 2000 person threshold and at least one trial based on a larger regionally focused approach.

Brian Cooper 18

Key Issues - Australian Social Inclusion Board Approach Presumption statistical space is same

as administrative space In NSW ABS derived suburbs have

numerous spatial and population errors No operational definition of

disadvantage Assumes target population actually

resides in indentified areas. Data quality issues with administrative

data especially spatial accuracy aspects

Current calculation of disadvantage uses non spatial assumptions, data location is not a consideration.

Brian Cooper 19

Problems of what spaceVillawood Derived SuburbGazetted SuburbsCHESTER HILL 198 3.87%VILLAWOOD 4921 96.13%Total 5119 100.00%

Villawood Gazetted SuburbDerived SuburbsFairfield East 2087 29.78%Villawood 4921 70.22%Total 7008 100.00%

Lansdowne Derived SuburbGazetted SuburbsBASS HILL 553 82.78%GEORGES HALL 104 15.57%LANSDOWNE 11 1.65%Total 668 100.00%

Lansdowne Gazetted SuburbDerived SuburbsLansdowne 11 100%

Brian Cooper 20

Data Accuracy – Statistical data

Brian Cooper 21

Lansdowne, Villawood and Georges Hall

Brian Cooper 22

Role of human services planning

Addressing vertical and horizontal inequity

Ensuring adequate resources address areas actual demand and identification of new areas of potential demand for additional resources.

Brian Cooper 23

Modes of human service planning

Bricks and mortar (high degree of conformity with clients to setting)

Program basis Client – voucher Focus

Origin Destination

Brian Cooper 24

The problem of planning No core set of ideas that create a theoretical

framework Draws inspiration from several diverse

theoretical frameworks Primarily concerned with resource allocation for

specific purposes Has various modes:

Economic education Health Social/Community Land use etc.

Pragmatism and ideology are the main drivers Political interference

Brian Cooper 25

Resource Allocation Formula

Most human service planning uses a form of resource allocation formula

Brian Cooper 26

Resource Allocation Formula Need index = (0.441 * 61.15 + 0.489 * 53.28) = 53.02(1)

This is divided by the population-weighted mean of need in the whole country (56.87). We get:

Weighted need index = 53.02/56.87 = 0.93(2) The expenditure need per 0–6-year-old child is:

Expenditure need = (7,327 + 27,165 * 0.93)/34,492 = 0.94(3) This is multiplied by Sotkamo's index of the 0–6-year-olds. The final index is:

Index = 0.94 * 0.93 = 0.87(4) which indicates that Sotkamo's expenditure need for day care is 13% less than the average in all municipalities.

The index for income support is rather simple. The unemployment rate is 18.2, and there are 8.08% single parents with children under seven years of age. The population of the municipality is 11,289. The coefficients are from Table 4.

Index = (10.9 * 18.2 + 10.8 * 8.08 + 44.5 * ln(11,289))/766.78 = 0.89(5) where 766.78 is the weighted mean of the income support index in the whole country. There is 11% less need for income support in Sotkamo than in average Hannu Valtonen 1 , Juha Laine 2 (2002)

Study on a resource allocation formula for social services in Finland

Brian Cooper 27

Resource Allocation Formula

Brian Cooper 28

Resource Allocation Formula

The question is thus

Brian Cooper 29

Assumptions geography and scale and service planning

What is the mean?

1,200 total population145 with dementia12.1 % of the populationLocation A

800 total population130 with dementia13.8 % of the populationLocation B

1300 total population150 with dementia11.5 % of the populationLocation C

10,000 total population0 with dementia0% of the populationLocation D

9.3%? or 3.05 %?

What is the mean?

1,200 total population145 with dementia12.1 % of the populationLocation A

800 total population130 with dementia13.8 % of the populationLocation B

1300 total population150 with dementia11.5 % of the populationLocation C

10,000 total population0 with dementia0% of the populationLocation D

9.3%? or 3.05 %?

Brian Cooper 30

A problem of scale

Brian Cooper 31

Spatial Domains

Grouping of spaces associated with perceived and real distances between the elements of the domain

The intensity, frequency of distances between the actors influences the type of domain

Domains overlap and have no distinct boundaries

Brian Cooper 32

Space as a hierarchy of domains & the links

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Brian Cooper 33

Methodological Issues

Brian Cooper 34

Problem of postcodes

Brian Cooper 35

Postcode stability 1991 to 2006

Brian Cooper 36

Implications of the study

Space Network analysis Use of multiple resources to

determine space boundary/catchment area

Service planning and provisions Data sets used in the planning must

include origin-destination markers Rigidity of the area based planning

should be reviewed and incorporate other methodologies available

Brian Cooper 37

Finally