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Candidate’s Declaration

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitled

MICRO CONTROLLER BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING

STEPPER MOTOR in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, College of

Engineering Roorkee, affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun (India),

is an authentic record of our own work carried out during session 2012-13, under the

supervision of Mr. Amit Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical

Engineering and Mr. J K Vashishtha , Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical

Engineering of College of Engineering Roorkee, Roorkee (India).

The matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted by us for the

award of any other degree or diploma.

Dated: May , 2013

(Amarjeet Singh Jamwal)

60060108014

(Chetan Mehta)

60060108015

(Bablu Kumar)

09060108028

(Ankit Agarwal)

09060108011

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Certificate

This is to certify that the project work “MICROCONTROLLER BASED SOLAR

TRACKING SYSTEM USING STEPPER MOTOR” is a bonafide record of work

done by Amarjeet Singh Jamwal, Ankit Agarwal, Bablu Kumar, Chetan Mehta

under our guidance in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the B-Tech project as per

the record of Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun in academic session of

2012-13 at College Of Engineering Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India -247667.

Mr. Amit Kumar Mr J. K. Vashishtha

(Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)

Department of Electrical

Engineering

Department of Electrical

Engineering

Mrs. Anuradha Mr. Akhilendra Yadav

(Project Co-ordinator) (Head of Department)

Department of Electrical

Engineering

Department of Electrical

Engineering

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Acknowledgement

We would like to express our profound and sincere gratitude to our project guides,

Mr. Amit Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering and Mr. J

K Vashishtha, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of

Engineering Roorkee, for their constant and valuable guidance, inspiration, forbearance

and keen interest during this project work.

We take this opportunity to thank Mrs. Anuradha, Assistant Professor,

Department of Electrical Engineering for providing the departmental facilities for

carrying out this work.

We are also very grateful for the forbearance shown by Mr. Akhilendra Yadav,

Head of Department, Department of Electrical Engineering, for his concern and advice,

during the period of our project.

Finally, we would like to acknowledge the immeasurable contribution of our

parents, without their constant inspiration and comradeship this work would never have

been over. After completion of this project we can confidently say that this experience

has not only enriched us with technical knowledge but also enhanced the maturity of

thoughts and vision.

Name of students

AMARJEET SINGH JAMWAL

CHETAN MEHTA

ANKIT AGARWAL

Dated : May , 2013 BABLU KUMAR

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Contents

Candidate’s Declaration (i)

Certificate (ii)

Acknowledgement (iii)

Abstract (vi)

List of Figures and Tables (vii)

1. Introduction 1

1.1. Background 2

2. Literature Research 3

2.1. Technology of Solar Panel 3

2.2. Evolution of Sola Tracker 3

3. Project Description 5

3.1. Block Diagram 5

3.2. Schematic Diagram 5

3.3. Printed Circuit Board 6

4. Components Description 11

4.1. Solar Tracker 11

4.2. Methods of Tracker mount 11

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4.3. Methods of drive 11

4.4. Sensors 12

4.5. Motor 13

4.6. Microcontroller 18

4.7. Liquid Crystal Display 25

4.8. Transformer 25

4.9. Bridge Rectifier 27

4.10. Regulator IC 29

4.11. The Capacitor Filter 30

4.12. Light Emitting Diode 35

4.13. Resistor 35

5. Conclusion 39

6. References 40

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Abstract

This Project shows design and realization of automatic solar panel orientation system in

order to achieve high performances. This can be done by keeping the solar panel at 90

degree to The Sun rays. To achieve this we are using a microcontroller, a stepper motor,

five LDRs, and a LCD. The management of the system, depending on the movements,

the presence of sun, and the regular checkup of the system evolution, is ensured by an

electronic unit executed around a microcontroller.

Keywords: solar tracker, stepper motor, RTC, LDR, single axis tracking

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List of Figures

Figure No. Figure Caption Page No.

2.1 Sun’s apparent motion 4

3.1 Block Diagram of Project 5

3.2 Schematic Diagram of Project 5

3.3 Printed circuit board (PCB) 6

3.4 Single sided PCB 7

3.5 Double sided PCB 7

3.6 Multi layered PCB 7

4.1 Light Dependent Resistor 12

4.1 Unipolar Stepper motor operation 15

4.2 different type of photo diodes 13

4.2 Port A Pins Alternate functions 22

4.3 Stepper Motors 14

4.4 Bipolar and Unipolar stepper Motor 15

4.5 Bipolar and Unipolar drivers with MOS transistors 16

4.6 Block diagram of demo application 17

4.7 Operating states for different speed profile parts

17

4.8 State machine for timer interrupt

17

4.9 Pin diagram of ATmega16 20

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4.10 2x16 LCD Display

25

4.11 Transformer 26

4.12 Bridge rectifier 27

4.13 Bridge rectifier in parallel capacitor at the output 28

4.14 MCT7805CT voltage regulator 30

4.15 Full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter 31

4.16 Half-wave rectifier without filtering 31

4.17 Half-wave rectifier with filtering 32

4.18 Capacitor filter circuit 33

4.19 Capacitor filter circuit

33

4.20 Full-wave rectifier with capacitor filter 34

4.21 LED

35

4.22 From top to bottom: W, W, and 1-W resistors.

36

4.23 Different types of resistors. 37

4.24 Fixed resistors: (a) wire wound type; (b) carbon film type.

37

4.25 Color coding

37