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Chatzisarantis, Hagger (2007)

Mindfulness and the Intention-Behavior Relationship Within the

Theory of Planned Behavior

Simple Slopes Analysis via Mplus Simulations Rediscover your Inner Statistician

Stefano Picozzi March 2013

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Agenda

•  Background •  Hypotheses •  Exploratory Data Analysis •  Simple Slopes •  Summary •  Application •  Model re-specified

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Background •  The theory of planned behavior is a social cognitive model

that explains how deliberative decisions, that is, effortful decisions that involve a consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the target behavior prior to action (Fazio, 1990), influence performance of social behavior (Ajzen, 1991).

•  However, it also has been demonstrated that the correlation between intentions and behavior is modest. Meta-analyses have revealed that intentions account for a weighted average of only 30% of the variance in social behavior (Armitage & Conner, 2001; Hagger et al.,2002), mainly because people with strong intentions fail to act on them (Orbell & Sheeran, 1998).

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Theory of Planned Behavior •  The theory posits that performance

of social behavior is a function of three variables: attitudes (positive or negative evaluations regarding behavioral performance), subjective norms (perceived influences that significant others may exert on the execution of behavior), and perceived behavioral control (perceptions of control with respect to the performance of social behavior; Ajzen, 1991). The theory also proposes that the attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence behavioral engagement indirectly via intentions.

Ajzen (1991)

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Study 1 •  Examined moderating effects of mindfulness on

the intention-behavior relationship in the context of physical exercise

•  H1: the intention behavior relationship would be stronger among individuals who acted mindfully than among individuals who did not

•  H2: habit would moderate the intention-behavior relationship such that the intention-behavior relationship would be stronger among non-habitual exerciser than among habitual exercisers

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Study 2 •  Investigated utility of mindfulness in protecting

physical activity intentions from counter-intentional habits such as binge-drinking

•  H3: that mindfulness would moderate the effects of binge-drinking intentions and drinking habits on physical activity behavior such that habitual binge drinking and binge-drinking intentions would be negatively associated with physical activity behavior only among individuals who did not act mindfully and not among individuals who acted mindfully

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Descriptive Statistics blog.emergitect.com

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Montecarlo Model Based

Simulation

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ExplanatoryData

Analysis Scripts

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H1: Scatterplots blog.emergitect.com

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H2: Scatterplots blog.emergitect.com

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H3: Scatterplots 2a blog.emergitect.com

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H3: Scatterplots 2b blog.emergitect.com

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Simple Slope

Scripts

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H1: Path Diagram

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H1: Simple Slope

… intention behavior relationship would be stronger among individuals who acted mindfully than among individuals who did not?

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H2: Simple Slope

… intention-behavior relationship would be stronger among non-habitual exerciser than among habitual exercisers?

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H3: Simple Slope 2a

… mindfulness would moderate the effects of binge-drinking intentions such that binge-drinking intentions would be negatively associated with physical activity behavior only among individuals who did not act mindfully and not among individuals who acted mindfully?

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H3: Simple Slope2b

Work Hard, Play Hard?

… mindfulness would moderate the effects of binge-drinking habits such that binge-drinking habits would be negatively associated with physical activity behavior only among individuals who did not act mindfully and not among individuals who acted mindfully?

Original Article Simulated Result

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Summary

•  Tools used - EXCEL, Mplus & R •  Finding the trees for the forest difficult without

Theory to guide you •  Article’s descriptive statistics enable simulations

to reproduce, analyze and reinterpret results •  Plan for analysis approach in your experimental

design (duh!) •  Please publish all your covariances •  Matrices are not always invertible

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MODEL RE-SPECIFIED

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Montecarlo Covariance Simulation

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Study 2 Model

Re-specified

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Study 1 Re-specified #1

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Study 2 Re-specified #1

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Study 1 Re-specified #2

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Study 2 Re-specified #2

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APPENDIX

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Simple Slope Plots N(0,1)

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Simple Slope Plots N(0,1)

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Simple Slope Plots N(0,1)