SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

GROUP IV

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What is Second Language – Acquisition?

• Second Language : refers to any language learned in addition to a person's first language

• Second Language Acquisition : the process by which people learns a second language

How was it started?

By two publications in particular that are seen as instrumental to the development of the modern study of SLA: Pit Corder's 1967 essay The Significance of Learners' Errors, and Larry Selinker's 1972 article Interlanguage. In 1980s, the theories of Stephen Krashen had become the prominent paradigm in SLA. In his theories, often collectively known as the Input Hypothesis, Krashen suggested that language acquisition is driven solely by comprehensible input, language input that learners can understand.

Krashen’s Input Hypothesis

The Acquisition – Learning Hypothesis

The Monitor Hypothesis

The Natural Order

Hypothesis

The Input Hypothesis

The Affective Filter

Hypothesis

1. The Acquisition – Learning HypothesisAcquisition – a subconscious and intuitive process of constructing the system of a language.Learning – a conscious learning process in which learners attend to form, figure out rules, and are generally aware of their process.

2. The Monitor HypothesisIt is a device to watch one’s input, for editing and making alterations or correction.

3. The Natural Order HypothesisLearners acquire parts of language in a predictable order.

4. The Input HypothesisLanguage acquisition occurs when learners receive messages that they can understand a concept (input).

5. The Affective Filter HypothesisThe best acquisition will occur in environments where anxiety is low and defensiveness absent .

Stages of SLA

Preproduction ( Silent Period)

Learners have a receptive vocabulary of up to 500 words, but they do not yet speak their second language. Not all learners go through a silent period. Some learners start speaking straight away, although their output may consist of imitation rather than creative language use.For learners that do go through a silent period, it may last around three to six months.

Early Production

During which learners are able to speak in short phrases of one or two words. They can also memorize chunks of language, although they may make mistakes when using them. Learners typically have both an active and receptive vocabulary of around 1000 words. This stage normally lasts for around six months.

Speech Emergence

Learners' vocabularies increase to around 3000 words during this stage, and they can communicate using simple questions and phrases. They may often make grammatical errors.

Intermediate Fluency

At this stage, learners have a vocabulary of around 6000 words, and can use more complicated sentence structures. They are also able to share their thoughts and opinions. Learners may make frequent errors with more complicated sentence structures.

Advanced Fluency

The final stage which is typically reached somewhere between five and ten years of learning the language. Learners at this stage can function at a level close to native speakers.

What Are The Differences Between FLA & SLA?

Feature L1 Acquisition L2 (foreign language)Acquisition

Overall Success children normally achieve perfect L1 mastery

adult L2 learners are unlikely to achieve perfect L2 mastery

General Failure success guaranteed complete success rare

Variation little variation in degree of success or route

L2 learners vary in overall success and route

Goals target language competence

L2 learners may be content with less than target language competence or more concerned with fluency than accuracy

Fossilisation unknowncommon, plus backsliding (i.e. return to earlier stages of development

Intuitionschildren develop clear intuitions about correctness

L2 learners are often unable to form clear grammaticality judgments

Instruction not needed helpful or necessary

Negative Evidence correction not found and not necessary

correction generally helpful or necessary

Affective Factors not involved play a major role determining proficiency

The Best Way To Teach And Introduce SLA

To Teach• language spoken in the

home• amount of opportunity to

practice the second language• internal motivation of the

learner• reason that the second

language is needed (e.g., to learn at school, to talk to a friend, or for working)

To Introduce• by setting (e.g., English is

spoken only in the school, and Spanish is spoken only in the home)

• by topic (e.g., French is spoken only during meal time, and Spanish is spoken during school/work activities)

• by speaker (e.g., Mom will speak only in German, and Dad speaks Russian only)

Q & A

Merci Beaucoup!