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Digital Signal Processor
Romain Rogister MS T&M
Contents
1) Digital Signal Processing : definition and explanation
2) The typical characteristics of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)
3) Review of the five generations of DSPs
4) What are the biggest DSPs manufacturers today ?
Part One
Digital Signal Processing
Definition of Digital Signal Processing
Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation, and manipulation of signals.
Signals can be either analog or digital.
Digital signal processing is the study of signals in a digital representation and the processing methods of these signals.
From analog to digital / From digital to analog
The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem
16 bits : 65 535 values 24 bits : 16 777 215 values
Engineers study digital signals in the following domains :
Time domain
Spatial domain
Method called Filtering
• Linear or non-linear filter
• Causal or non-causal filter
• Time-invariant or adaptive-filter
• Stable or unstable filter
• FIR or IIR
Frequency domain
Fourier transform
Part Two
Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)
MAC Operations
In computing, especially digital signal processing, multiply-accumulate is a common operation that computes the product of two numbers and adds that product to an accumulator
DSPs contain architectural optimizations to speed up processing
Real-Time Computing (RTC)
In computer science, real-time computing (RTC) is the study of hardware and software systems which are subject to a "real-time constraint“.
The needs of real-time software are often addressed in the context of real-time operating systems, and synchronous programming languages, which provide frameworks on which to build real-time application software.
Fixed-point Arithmetic
Most DSPs use fixed-point arithmetic, because in real world signal processing, the additional range provided by floating point is not needed, and there is a large speed benefit and cost benefit due to reduced hardware complexity.
However, some versions are available which use floating point arithmetic and are more powerful. •Specific applications•Cost of Software
Sigle Instruction, Multiple Data
SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) is a technique employed to achieve data level parallelism.
With a SIMD processor there are two improvements to this process. For one the data is understood to be in blocks, and a number of values can be loaded all at once.
Harvard Architecture
Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data.
Pipeline Architecture
In computing, a pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one.
The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel.
Part Three
From 1980 to 2008:5 generations of DSPs
Five generations of DSPs
Part Four
The Four Biggest Manufacturers
Texas Instrument
Founded 1930 (as GSI), 1951 (as TI)
Headquarters Dallas, Texas, USA
Industry Semiconductors, Electronics
Revenue ▲ $14.26 billion USD (2006)
Employees ▲ 30,986
Freescale
Founded Spin-off from Motorola in 2004
Headquarters Austin, Texas, USA
Industry Semiconductors
Revenue ▲ $6.4 billion USD (2006)
Employees ▲ 24,000
Lucent Technologies
Founded Spin-off from AT&T in 1996
Headquarters Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA
Industry Telecommunications
Revenue ▲ $9.4 billion USD (2005)
Employees ▲ 30,500
Analog Devices
Founded 1965
Headquarters Norwood, Massachusetts, USA
Industry Semiconductors
Revenue ▲ $2.6 billion USD (2006)
Employees ▲ 8,800
Conclusion
The best way to understand the impact of DSP technology on design is to take a detailed look at some of the applications where DSP has established a clear advantage over alternative technologies.
Digital Video
Audio
Biometric SecurityTelecom
Radar or Sonar ControlBiomedical
Going digital enables developers to exceed their own expectations and provide functionality far beyond that which is possible through analog processing.