By: Jaqueline RosasWhitney Karow

P.8

It is the word order and sentence structure in a passage or poem. Designed to arrange words in a specific

manner to create meaning. Poetry may use syntax to create

emotional meaning or purpose. Shifts in the structure may also be

altered to create an emphasis of a change.

Sentence fragments.

Run on Sentences.

Business: Syntax = as business makes up the economy, syntax structures the passage.

The active voice in a passage is one that involves a subject acting (verb) upon the object.

Ex: The man feeds the dog.

The passive voice is when the object becomes the subject.

Ex: The dog was fed by the man.

The object in the active sentence switches as the subject of the passive sentence:

Active: The student read the book.

Passive: The book was read by the student.

“You Act before you Pass the test”

It is words or phrases used for repetition throughout a passage.

Usually at the beginning of successive clauses, or multiple clauses after the other.

Can be used to emphasize a point or add emotion in a passage.

Example:

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness…”Tale of Two Cities.

In this case, it emphasizes the past tense of “it was”, comparing and contrasting the atmosphere in the setting of the story.

ANAPHORA

In the word itself, the “A” is repeated between the letters, representing the clauses or phrases.

It is the exchange of order between the noun and adjective in a sentence.

It may be used to create dramatic focus, or emphasis on the content of the sentence.

Used for euphony (Good sound) or rhythm.

It is similar to inversion: change in the arrangement of words in a sentence.

Example:Original : “The tree is tall and old…”

Anastrophe: “Tall and old is the tree...”

“ANASTROPHE is a CATASROPHE” Rearranges and causes dramatic effect

It is the lack of conjunctions in a sentence or phrase.

It is used to focus on the immediate message it tries to convey.

Ex: “LIVE, LAUGH, LOVE” No “And, Or, But, As, However, Etc.” Straight-forward

ASYN/DETON[ATE] “As in/ Detonate” *Creates a SUDDEN message

It is when the first phrase is being reversed in

the second phrase of a sentence.

It helps create a contradictory sentence to serve a new meaning.

It rearranges the context of the sentence.

Example: “Nations do not mistrust each other

because they are armed, they are armed because they mistrust each other.”

Ronald Reagan

CHIASMUS

It is the reverse of words in the normal order, or syntax, of a sentence.

The verb may come before the subject. It adds emphasis to the sentence.

Ex: You will learn only when you study. Only when you study, will you learn.

INVERSION INVERSE

= REVERSE

It is a sentence that contains additional information and may be long.

Usually starts off with a predicate statement.

May be used to create a narrative literature.

Helps convey the main idea first.

Example:  "Halfway between West Egg and New York

City sprawls a desolate plain, a gray valley where New York’s ashes are dumped." - The Great Gatsby

*It states what the story will be about, stating the setting and creating imagery.

Loose sentence It flows freely, loose, not restrained.

Technique in which words, phrases, or stanzas are used repeatedly.

Causes emphasis to focus on the message.

The tide rises, the tide falls,The twilight darkens, the curlew calls;Along the sea-sands damp and brownThe traveler hastens toward the town,And the tide rises, the tide falls.Darkness settles on roofs and walls,But the sea, the sea in darkness calls;The little waves, with their soft, white handsEfface the footprints in the sands,And the tide rises, the tide falls.The morning breaks; the steeds in their stallsStamp and neigh, as the hostler calls;The day returns, but nevermoreReturns the traveler to the shore.And the tide rises, the tide falls.

REPEAT

The repetition of conjunctions in close succession.

The opposite of asyndeton.

Ex: I said, "Who killed him?" and he said, "I don't know who killed him but he's dead all right," and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key and she was all right only she was full of water.—Ernest Hemingway, "After the Storm."

POLY MANY/MORE THAN ONE

Syndeton is a rhetorical term for a sentence style in which words, phrases, or clauses are joined by conjunctions.

Which equals a repetition of conjunctions

The running over of a sentence from one line, couplet, stanza to the next.

Legend By GILLIAN CLARKE The rooms were mirrorsfor that luminous face,

the morning windows fernedwith cold. Outside

a level world of snow.Voiceless birds in the trees

like notes in the booksin the piano stool.

She let us suck top-of-the-milkburst from the bottles like corks.

ENJAMBENT: “Overflowing”

The words that end the same in lines, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

EX: “We are born to sorrow, pass our time in sorrow, end our days in sorrow.

EPISTROPHE

A break or division in the middle of the line, phrase, or stanza.

EXAMPLE: Sing a song of sixpence, || a pocket full of rye.

Four and twenty blackbirds, || baked in a pie.When the pie was opened, || the birds began to sing;Wasn’t that a dainty dish, || to set before the king?

The king was in his counting house, || counting out his money;The queen was in the parlour, || eating bread and honey.The maid was in the garden, || hanging out the clothes;When down came a blackbird || and pecked off her nose.