28
Resistive Objects Resistive Objects Jaroslaw Domaszewicz Institute of Telecommunications Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw, Poland Alexander Gluhak Intel Labs Europe London, UK Domaszewicz, J.; Gluhak, A., "Resistive Objects" 8th International Conference on Human System Interaction HSI’2015, 25-27 June 2015, Warsaw, Poland doi: 10.1109/HSI.2015.7170654, URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7170654&isnumber=7170630 smart objects that become less agreeable than they can be, for a purpose Illustrations by Simona Ciocoiu

Resistive Objects

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Jaroslaw DomaszewiczInstitute of TelecommunicationsWarsaw University of Technology

Warsaw, Poland

Alexander GluhakIntel Labs Europe

London, UK

Domaszewicz, J.; Gluhak, A., "Resistive Objects"

8th International Conference on Human System Interaction HSI’2015, 25-27 June 2015, Warsaw, Poland

doi: 10.1109/HSI.2015.7170654, URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7170654&isnumber=7170630

smart objects that become less agreeable

than they can be, for a purpose

Illustrations by Simona Ciocoiu

Page 2: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Consider …

Consider a smart object that occasionally passes a negative judgment on the user’s behavior (past, present, or imminent).

It then conveys the judgment to the user.

It does so via the way it works, without words.

For example, it may do so by …

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 2

Page 3: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Example 1: home lighting

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 3

… r

equ

irin

g m

ore

eff

ort

.

Page 4: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Example 2: TV remote

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 4

… d

elay

ing

reac

tio

ns.

Page 5: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Example 3: smartphone

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 5

… b

linki

ng

dis

app

rovi

ngl

y.

Page 6: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Example 4 (community-wide): escalator

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 6

…sl

ow

ing

do

wn

.

Page 7: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Resistive object: definition

A resistive object is one that in response to some contextual conditions becomes noticeably less “agreeable” to the user.

We use “agreeability” as a non-technical umbrella term to refer to any of three modalities of resistance, which are quite different in nature.

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 7

Page 8: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

How: modalities of resistance

The object’s usability may drop.

The object’s performance may drop.

The object may start delivering “disapproving” stimulito the user. (We call them explicit resistance.)

We assume that for any object only one modality is at work.

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 8

Page 9: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Why: modes of resistance

PaybackAn object may become more resistant in return for the user’s improper past behavior.

Immediate feedbackThe resistance is meant to encourage the user to change her undesirable behavior at the moment.

Advance feedbackAs the user handles the object, she receivesan instant, discouraging evaluation of a bad action that she is likely to take in the immediate future(but has not yet taken).

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 9

Page 10: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Personal and community-wide objects

A personal resistive object is used by an individual or family.

A community-wide resistive object is used by a possibly large groupof loosely related people. It may span a meeting room, building, neighborhood, city, nation, or even the entire globe.The object reacts to collective behavior derived from individual contributions.

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 10

Page 11: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Resistance level

The loss of agreeability occurs to a varying degree, as the context changes.

We refer to the degree, to which the object has become less agreeableas its resistance level.

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 11

0.0 1.0

minimum resistance:• best performance• best usability • no explicit resistance

resistance level

current resistance level

maximum resistance:• performance at its lowest or …• usability at its lowest or …• explicit resistance most intense

(only one of the above three holds,depending on the modality)

Page 12: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Key design principle

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 12

At any resistance level the resistive object remains

fully functional and usable.

In particular, the user should be able to ignore

the object’s resistance.

Page 13: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Key design principle (cont.)

At the highest resistance level (only one of the following holds) …

The object’s usability is at its lowest, but it remains acceptable. The point is to make the user aware of changes in usability, not to render the object hard to use.

The object’s performance at its lowest, but it remains acceptable.In fact, it may still be better than the regular performance of a lower-end, non-resistive product. What matters is that the user can easily detect performance variations.

The stimuli of explicit resistance are most intense and may be hard to overlook, but they are still easy to disregard.

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 13

Page 14: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Model of resistivity

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 14

context synthesizer resistance characteristic

raw context datauser-understoodresistance driver resistance level

resistance converter

user-perceivedresistive parameter

resistance driver

resi

stan

ce le

vel

key property: monotonicity

0.0

1.0

Page 15: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Model of resistivity: resistive TV remote

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 15

weatherdetector

resistance characteristic

temperature,humidity,brightness,…

user-understoodresistance driver:how nice is the weather

resistance level user-perceivedresistive parameter:the extra delay

resistance level

delay [s]

0.0

3.0

0.0 1.0

weather

resi

stan

ce le

vel

0.0

1.0

nasty gorgeous

converter

values of the resistive parameter for the highest and lowest object agreeability

rworst

rbest

Page 16: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Model of resistivity: resistive lighting

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 16

sensor data light switching occurrences, data from human presence sensors, …

resistance driver energy waste factor (say, for a two week moving window) in {1,2,3,4,5}

resistive parameter the number of times one needs to toggle a switch to switch lights on

rbest 1

rworst 5

Note: specific values are only examples.

Page 17: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Model of resistivity: resistive smartphone

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 17

sensor data accelerometer data, sound, …

resistance driver current activity in {default, on the train, driving a car}

resistive parameter the frequency of the notification LED’s blinking

rbest 0 Hz

rworst 2 Hz

Note: specific values are only examples.

Page 18: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Model of resistivity: resistive escalator

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 18

sensor data per-person escalator vs. stairs usage data

resistance driver per-community escalator usage ratio (say, for a one week moving window)

resistive parameter the speed of the escalator (when there is a rider)

rbest 0.6 m/s

rworst 0.3 m/s

Note: specific values are only examples.

Page 19: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Model of resistivity: resistive escalator

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 19

sensor data per-person escalator vs. stairs usage data

resistance driver per-community escalator usage ratio (say, for a one week moving window)

resistive parameter the speed of the escalator (when there is a rider)

rbest 0.6 m/s

rworst 0.3 m/s

both speeds are acceptable for ”normal” escalators

Page 20: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

User’s conceptual model (technical terms)

For a given object the user should know its …

resistance driver (e.g., the weather outside),

resistive parameter (e.g., the delay in reaction to a key press).

Further, the user should understand that …

IF the resistive parameter has changed for the worse, THEN the value of the resistance driver has increased (and vice versa).

We believe that in most cases more detailed knowledge (say, of the resistance characteristic) is not needed, or can be acquired by using the object for some time.

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 20

Page 21: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

User’s conceptual model (human terms)

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 21

With your resistive lighting, the number of times you need to toggle to switch on the lights depends on how well you’ve been conserving energy lately.

That can be any number from one to five. The fewer, the better.

If toggling once does the job, congratulations – you’ve been very conscientious about saving energy.

If you need to toggle five times, you’ve been quite negligent; please consider being more careful to improve your score.

from the user’s manual:

Page 22: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

User’s conceptual model (human terms)

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 22

With your resistive lighting, the number of times you need to toggle to switch on the lights depends on how well you’ve been conserving energy lately.

That can be any number from one to five. The fewer, the better.

If toggling once does the job, congratulations – you’ve been very conscientious about saving energy.

If you need to toggle five times, you’ve been quite negligent; please consider being more careful to improve your score.

resistive parameter

resistance driver

interpreting the resistive parameter in terms of the resistance driver

Page 23: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Resistivity matrix

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 23

objects that are permanently less agreeable than they could be

Modality (how) Mode (why)

Performance Usability Explicit resistance

Payback

Resistive remote (watching time) Resistive browser (browsing time) Resistive coffee machine Resistive escalator (payback)

Resistive lighting Resistive road (speeding driven) Resistive self-closing faucet

Resistive lighting (with earcons)

Immediate feedback

Resistive remote (weather) Resistive browser (aimless browsing) Resistive escalator (immediate feedback)

Resistive road (pedestrian driven)

HAPIfork SubRosa

Advance feedback

Resistive automatic door Resistive phone Nest thermostat Window signaling systems Tea Light

Fixed resistance Ford MyKey Regular road

(with speed bumps) Regular road (with warning signs)

Page 24: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Resistivity matrix

Most existing products and prototypes rely on explicit resistance.

Hardly any of them (none in our matrix) applies the payback mode.

There seems to be a lot of uncharted territory !2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 24

Modality (how) Mode (why)

Performance Usability Explicit resistance

Payback

Resistive remote (watching time) Resistive browser (browsing time) Resistive coffee machine Resistive escalator (payback)

Resistive lighting Resistive road (speeding driven) Resistive self-closing faucet

Resistive lighting (with earcons)

Immediate feedback

Resistive remote (weather) Resistive browser (aimless browsing) Resistive escalator (immediate feedback)

Resistive road (pedestrian driven)

HAPIfork SubRosa

Advance feedback

Resistive automatic door Resistive phone Nest thermostat Window signaling systems Tea Light

Fixed resistance Ford MyKey Regular road

(with speed bumps) Regular road (with warning signs)

Page 25: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Related research areas

Persuasive technologies

resistivity is meant to be one of them

Embedded, implicit interaction

resistivity is added to a regular object, whose function, look, and feel are preserved

interaction is not a goal in itself; it occurs as a byproduct of using the object the usual way

Ambient information systems

the object conveys information on the resistance driver, without attention grabbing screens (and without a distinct ambient display)

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 25

Page 26: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Research questions

User acceptance: can the user’s frustration and a sense of punishment be avoided?

our design principle may be a necessary but not sufficient condition for good user acceptance

Does resistance-based feedback have advantages over explicit feedbackdelivered via displays of smartphones or laptops?

possible advantages: more persuasive power, less distraction

How to answer: experiments in-the-wild, insights from psychology.

An interesting set of issues has to do with community-wide objects.

note the emerging community orientation in persuasive technologies

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 26

Page 27: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Glimpse of validation activities

A prototype of a TV remote control middleware platform for context-aware applications (based on the CC2533 RF4CE Development Kit from TI).

In our validation experiment we intend to learn about user acceptance and persuasive power of different versions of the resistive remote.

2015.06.25 8th Intl. Conf. on Human System Interaction HSI'2015 27

Target Moduleapplications run here

ARClook and feelof an ordinary remote

IR (to TV)

to Internet

RF4CE

Goluch Maciej, “Programmable TV remote as platform for context-aware applications,” BS thesis, Warsaw University of Technology

Page 28: Resistive Objects

Resistive Objects

Thank you!

Thanks to Simona Ciocoiu for the illustrations.