RECENT ADVENCES IN PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

OF ARECANUT

COURSE TITLE:-PLANTATIONCROP

COURSE CODE:-FSC-503

CREDIT HOURS:-3(2+1)

-:SUBMITTED TO:-

DR K.C MOHAPATRA

(DEPT. OF PLANTATION CROP)

-:submitted by:-Mr Manas Kumar Patel

Admn. No:-01Fsc/2014Dept. of fruit science and horticultural technology

INTRODUCTION

ARECA NUT CULTIVATED PRIMARILY FOR ITS KERNEL OBTAINED FROM THE FRUIT,

WHICH IS CHEWED FOR ITS TENDER, RIPE, AND PROCESSED FORM AND IT IS

CALLED AS SUPARI OR BEETLE NUT.

ARECA NUT STAND AS A BACKYARD CROP

ARECOTINE (0.1%) FOUND IN ARECA NUT AS

STIMULATING AGENT.

B.N.:-ARECA CATECHU

FAMILY:-ARECACEAE

2N:-32

O.P:-INDONESIA

Areca nut plant

Bunch ready for harvest

Harvested bunch

Single fruit of arecanut

Areca nut

Beetle leaves and arecanut

Disposal areca leaf plates

BOTANY• MONOECIOUS PALM (MALE AND FEMALE FLOWER IN SAME PLANT)

• INFLORESCENCE:- SPADIX (IT PRODUCE FROM LEAF AXIL AND COMPLETELY

ENCLOSED IN A SEALED BOAT SHAPED SPATHE)

• MALE AND FEMALE FLOWERS ARE SESSILE WITH 2 WHORL OF PERIANTH.

• FRUIT:-MONOLOCULAR, BERRY WITH SINGLE SEEDED WHICH IS COVERED BY

FIBROUS OUTER HUSK

• CROSS POLLINATED PLANT.

• POLLINATOR:-HONEY BEES

AND AIR.

STATITISTIC OF ARECANUT INDIA IS LARGEST PRODUCER AND CONSUMER OF ARECANUT.

AREA:-57% AND WORLD PRODUCTION OF 53%.

NEARLY 90% OF ARECANUT PRODUCTION COME FROM KARNATAKA(38%),

ASSAM AND KERALA.

SMALL EXTENT:-T.N, MEGHALAYA,W.B, M.H.

MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVITY STATE:-MAHARASTRA(3,947KG/HA).

EXPORT COUNTRY:-NEPAL, U.K, SINGAPORE,MALDIVES, AND SOUDIARAB.

CLIMATE AND SOIL• ARECA NUT IS A TROPICAL CROP.

• MOSTLY CONFINED TO 28º NORTH AND SOUTH .

• ALTITUDE:-1000M MSL

• RF:-RANGE OF 1000MM-5000MM

• TEMP:-14ºC AND 36ºC AND IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURES

BELOW 10ºC AND ABOVE 40ºC.

• SOIL:-LATERITIC,RED LOAM,ALLUVIAL SOIL IS GOOD

• SOIL SHOULD BE DEEP AND WELL DRAINED(SOIL DEPTH SHOULD FALL BELOW

1M.)

• SLIGHTLY ACIDIC SOIL TO NUTRAL SOIL.

VARIETY OF ARECANUTs.r.no

cultivor EVOLVED FROM YIELD OF NUT(RIPE NUTS/PALM/YEAR)

1 Mangla(VTL-3)

CHINA 10 KG

2 Sumangla(VTL-11)

INDONESIA 17.25KG

3 Sreemangla

(VTL-17)

SINGAPORE 15.63KG

4 Mahitnagar INDEGENOUS 3.7KG

5 Calicut 17 RECOMMEND FOR ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR

4.34KG

6 SAS 17 SIRSI,KERNATAKARECOMMENDED FOR KARNATAKA

4.60KG

NURSERY COMMERCIAL PROPAGATION BY SEED-NUT(35G).

PROCEDURE OF PROPAGATION

SELECTION OF MOTHER PALMS

(PLANT SHOULD BE HIGH YEILDING, EARLY, MORE FRUIT SET, SHORTER

INTERNODE, MORE LEAF PRODUCING AND 4 BUNCH PER YEAR)

COLLECTED FULLY RIPE NUTS

(MALFORMED NUTS ARE REJECTED, FULLY RIPE, HEAVIER NUTS, HIGHER

GERMINATION %, VIGOROUS SEEDLINGS)

NOTE:-NUTS FLOAT VERTICALLY WITH CALYX END POINT UP WORDS WHEN

ALLOWED TO FLOAT ON WATER IS SELECT.

SEED SOWN IN VERTICAL POSITION

GERMINATE OF SEED WITHIN 45 DAYS TO 3 MONTHS

(SEED PLANT WITH STALK END UP BY SPACING OF 5X5CM )

SEEDLING OF 2-3 LEAF STAGE TRNSFER TO SECONDARY NURSERY FOR 6 MONTH

(TRANSPLANT 90 DAYS SEEDLINGS HAVING 2-3 LEAVES IN TO SECONDARY NURSERY WITH

SPACING OF 30X30 CM.)

12-18 MONTHS SEEDLING OF >5 LEAF ARE TRANSFER TO MAIN FIELD

(SEEDLINGS WITH MINIMUM HEIGHT AND MAXIMUM GIRTH ARE TO BE SELECTED FOR

PLANTING.)

PLANT ARE PLANTED AT SPACING OF 2.7X2.7 M WITH NORTH TO SOUTH DIRECTION.

(FIG OF NURSERY TECHNIQUE OF ARECA NUT)

PLANTING

• PIT SIZE:-(90CM)3

• SPACING:-1.25X1.25M OR 3.6X3.6M

• PLANTING SYSTEM:-SQUARE SYSTEM OF PLANTING.

• MULTI-TIER CROPPING SYSTEM.

• PLANTING TIME:-MAY-JUN

NOTE:-WELL-DRAINED SOILS, PLANTING AT A DEPTH OF 90 CM IS RECOMMENDED

AND IN HEAVY SOILS PLANTING AT A DEPTH OF 60 CM IS RECOMMENDED.

Planting of areca nut

Multi tier cropping

Square system planting

INTERCULTURAL OPERATION DRAINAGE:-HEAVY SOILS-CHANNELS SHOULD BE AT LEAST 15 – 30 CM

DEEPER THAN THE DEPTH AT WHICH THE SEEDLINGS ARE PLANTED.

SHADING:-THE PALMS ARE HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE FOR SUN SCORCHING SO

RAISING CROPS LIKE BANANA IN BETWEEN TWO ROWS OF ARECANUT.

MANURING:-100:40:140(N:P:K) AND GREEN LEAF MANURE AND COMPOST:-

12 KG/PLANT

IRRIGATION:-4-7 DAYS INTERVAL@175 LTRS/PALM IN HOT AND DRY

WEATHER. SPRINKLER AND DRIP IRRIGATIONS CAN SAVE 20 AND 44 PER CENT

RESPECTIVELY OF WATER

FERTIGATION:-STUDIES AT CPCRI HAVE SHOWN-

a) INITIAL STAGES OF ARECA GARDEN ONLY 75% OF THE RECOMMENDED DOSE

OF FERTILIZER IS SUFFICIENT

b) FERTILIZER SHOULD BE SPLIT INTO TEN PARTS AND SHOULD BE APPLIED

ONCE IN 20 DAYS FROM NOVEMBER TO MAY.

COVER CROP:-MIMOSA INVISA.STYLOSANTHUS GRACILIS IN APRIL- MAY.

MIXED CROP:-ARECA NUT WITH COCOA(1:1 RATIO WITH 2.7M X2.7M

SPACING) MIXED CROP VIZ., PEPPER, COCOA, BANANA, LIME AND BETELVINE.

HARVESTING AND YIELD• ACCORDING TO TYPE OF PRODUCT AS CONSUMER REQUIREMENT IN

MARKET NUT IS HARVESTED.

• HARVESTING PERIOD:-JUNE – JULY (TENDER NUT) AND NOV – MARCH (RIPE

NUT).

• 45-50 DAYS INTERVAL PICKING OF NUT FOR 3 PICKING

• HARVESTING BY:-CLIMBING, LONG BAMBOO POLE, SHARP SICKLE OR

HOOK.

climbing Mechanical harvesting

Bamboo pole

YIELD• 10TH YEAR PLANT:->10 KG RIPE NUT/TREE.

FIRST

SECONDTHIRD

FOURTH

SIXTHSEVENTH

EIGHTH

PRESERVATION OF ARECA NUT

FULLY RIPE NUT CAN STORE-1 YEAR (KERLA AND ASSAM)

BURA TAMUL (IN ASSAM FOLLOWED)

FRESH FRUIT WILL LACED IN THICK LAYER OF MUD.

NEETTADAKKA (IN KERLA FOLLOWED)

FRESH FRUIT KEPT IN WATER BACTERIA ATTACK TO INNER CORE

DISCOLOURATION OF HUSK AND FOUL SMELL OCCUR.

(NOTE:-REMOVING OF FOUL SMELL—0.1% SOD. BENZOATE+0.2%

KMNO4+SULPHURIC ACID UP TO PH 3.5-4,STEEING OF RIPE NUT AFTER HEAT

BLANCH WILL HELP FOR REMOVING FOUL SMELL.)

PROCESSING OF ARECA

NUT(DRY NUT)

• KOTTAPAK/CHALI:-

RIPE FRUITS DRY FOR 35-40 DAYS

MARKETED WHEN 12% MOISTURE OBTAINED

FOUND IN:-KERLA,KN,ASSAM,MAHARASTRA.

PAREHA:-

FRUIT CUT LONGITUDINALLY 2 EQUAL HALVES

SUN DRY FOR 10 DAYS SCOOP OUT

KERNEL

DRYING OF NUT

FOUND IN:-KERLA AND KERNATAKA.

MECHANICALLY:-7-8 DAYS AT TEMP OF 45-

75DEGREE.

Kottapak/chali

KALIPAK(TENDER

NUT)

• KALIPAK:-

TENDER NUT

DEHUSKED

CUT IN TO PIECES

BOILED WITH WATER

COATED WITH KALI 3-4 TIMES FOR GLOSSY

APPEARANCE

DRIED IT

SCENTED SUPARI

(MADE FROM BOTH CHALI

AND KALIPAK)

SCENTED SUPARI:-

DRY NUT

BROKE IN TO BIT

BLEND WITH SPICE, ESSENTIAL OIL AND

FLAVOURING AGENT

PACKED IN BUTTER PAPER

SWEETENING AGENT:-SACCHARINE

FLAVOURING AGENT:-ROSE ESSENCE AND

METHANOL

s.Rno

constituent Uses of by product

1 Tanin(30-37% in tender,16-22% in ripe)

Adhesive in plywood. food colour, dying purposein cloth and leather, ink preparation.

2 Fat (8-12%) Confectionary product with cocoa.substitute for vanaspati.

3 Alkaloid(1.5%)

Anti-bacterial, aricotene reduces blood cholesterol

4 Areca husk Hard board, brown wrapping paper etc

5 Stem and leaf sheath

Basket, ruler, tray, cups, different plates etc

Uses of arecanutbyproduct

INSECT,PEST AND DISEASES.RNo

Name of pest

Causal pest symptom managemnet

1 mites Oligonychus indicus Dicofol @ 0.05%

2 Spindle bug

Calvalhoia arecae Phorate @ 2gm

DISEASE

S.R Disease name

Causal organism symptom control

1 Mahali/koleroga

Phytophthora arecae 1% B.M 45 days interval

2 Bud rot Phythopthorapalmivora

1% B.M drainch in soil

3 ganoderma Ganoderma luciderm Captan 0.3% drainch in soil

4 Yellow leaf mycoplasma Remove the affected plant and burn it

FUTURE THRUST• RESISTANT GERMPLASM AGAINST YELLOW LEAF DISEASE

• URGENT NEED FOR ENRICHMENT GERMPLASM REGENERATION THROUGH TISSUE

CULTURE FOR MULTIPLICATION OF ELITE TYPES.

• CLIMBING TREE IS A PROBLEM SO THINK ABOUT DWARF PLANT.

• DECLINATION OF MASTICATORY HABIT OF PEOPLE SO FINDING SHOULD

REQUIRE FOR ITS ALTERNATE USE LIKE

1) COLOURING AGENT,

2) INGREDIENT OF TOOTHPASTE,

3) CHEWING GUM ETC.