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New York City, 19th c.
Lower Manhattan, circa 1930s
Greenpoint Terminal Market, Brooklyn
Harlem River Park, Manhattan
BEFORE AFTER
TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE WATERFRONT
Manhattan, Hudson River Waterfront, Pier 66
BEFORE AFTER
TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE WATERFRONT
Brooklyn Bridge Park, East River Waterfront
BEFORE AFTER
TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE WATERFRONT
Concrete Plant Park, the Bronx
BEFORE AFTER
TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE WATERFRONT
• 520 miles.
• An international harbor city.
• Water as part of New Yorker’s daily experience.
THE OPPORTUNITY
VISION 2020: NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN
VISION 2020 PROCESS
Phase 1: Identify Goals and Issues, Spring 2010• Citywide Public Meeting, April 8
Phase 2: Identify Opportunities and Priorities, Summer 2010• The Bronx Workshop, May 12• Brooklyn, May 17• Queens, June 2• Manhattan Workshop, June 8• Staten Island, June 28• The Blue Network, June 24 and July 19
Phase 3: Identify Recommendations, Fall 2010• Draft Recommendations Issued, September 7• Citywide Public Meeting, October 12
VISION 2020: NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN
VISION 2020 PROCESS
GOAL 1
Expand public access to
the waterfront and
waterways on public and
private property for all
New Yorkers and visitors
alike.
VISION 2020: NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN
Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk and Beach on the Atlantic Ocean Staten Island
Daniel Avila, NYC Department of Parks & Recreation
GOAL 2
VISION 2020: NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN
Enliven the waterfront
with a range of attractive
uses integrated with
adjacent upland
communities.
Walkway at Northside Pier in Williamsburg, Brooklyn
GOAL 3
VISION 2020: NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN
Support economic
development activity on
the working waterfront.
Crew of the Thomas J. Brown pulling in slack line from a
barge.
© Carolina Salguero
GOAL 4
VISION 2020: NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN
Improve water quality through measures that benefit natural habitats, support public recreation, and enhance waterfront and upland communities.
Oysters from the Bay Ridge Flats Restoration Project..
GOAL 5
VISION 2020: NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN
Restore degraded natural waterfront areas, and protect wetlands and shorefront habitats.
American Oystercatchers in Jamaica Bay.
Dan Riepe
GOAL 6
VISION 2020: NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN
Enhance the public experience of the waterways that surround New York—our Blue Network.
On the Hudson River near the George Washington
Bridge.
Daniel Avila, NYC Department of Parks & Recreation
GOAL 7
VISION 2020: NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN
Improve government regulation, coordination, and oversight of the waterfront and waterways.
Construction of the new WNYC Transmitter Park on the East River, Brooklyn
GOAL 8
VISION 2020: NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN
Identify and pursue strategies to increase the city’s resilience to climate change and sea level rise.
The seawall at Battery Park City, Manhattan
22
Waterfront Revitalization Program (WRP)
23
What is the WRP?
The Waterfront Revitalization Program is a regulatory review tool.
All projects within New York City’s Coastal Zone which require a federal, state or city discretionary action are subject to WRP review.
Background
24
There are 10 policy areas in the WRP:
1. Residential and Commercial Redevelopment2. Maritime and Industrial Development3. Waterways Usage4. Ecological Resources Protection5. Water Quality6. Flooding and Erosion7. Hazardous Materials8. Public Access9. Visual Quality10. Historic, Archaeological, and Cultural Resources
Background
25
Introduce Climate Change to the WRP
• Require projects to closely examine the risks associated with coastal flooding based on climate change projections.
Governors Island Park Master Plan takes in sea level rise into consideration, elevating many sections of the park above the projected future flood plain.
Image: West 8 Team
26
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies
26Photo: dland Studio
The coastal zone is large and diverse. Different areas face
different risks and will require different strategies.
Alley Pond Creek, Queens
Rockaways, Queens
Upper Bay
Williamsburg, Brooklyn
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE URBAN WATERFRONT ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
28
Coastal hazards range from sudden and severe events to gradual changes in conditions.
High Tide Flooding Due to Sea Level Rise
Long Term Erosion
Storm Surge Flooding
Rapid Erosion
Wave Forces
Coastal Hazards
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE URBAN WATERFRONT ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Coastal Area Typologies 29
Geologic Formations
Sources: Reconnaissance Soil Survey, New York City Soil and Water Conservation District, 2005
Landforms created by glacial processes relate to underlying soil composition and land elevation.
Lower-lying areas are generally more vulnerable to storm surge. Softer soils are generally more vulnerable to erosion.
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Coastal Area Typologies 30
Exposure to Wave ForcesAreas with a greater distance to an adjacent shoreline (“fetch”) are more exposed to waves.
High Fetch
Low Fetch
Waves are also highly dependent on the direction of winds during a storm. FEMA’s V zones are mapped to areas where there is a risk of significant wave action.
FEMA Special Flood Hazard Areas
CONFIDENTIAL
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Some low-lying areas of New York City will be flooded in the future from regular tides, even without a coastal storm.
Coastal Area Typologies
Hamilton Beach, Queens, Spring High Tide
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Coastal Area Typologies 32
Geomorphology Categories
Oceanfront Beaches
Bay and estuary plains, natural shores
Bay and estuary plains, hardened shores
Oceanfront plains, hardened shores
Sheltered Rocky Bluffs
Sheltered Bluffs, reinforced shores
Oceanfront Slopes
Sheltered Slopes, hardened shores
Rocky/Sandy Sheltered Slopes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Exposure to:SurgeErosionWaves
High Medium Low
SLR
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Coastal Area Typologies 33
Land Use Types
One-Two Family Buildings
Multi-family Walkup Buildings
Multi-family Elevator Buildings
Mixed commercial/residential
Commercial – Office Buildings
Industrial - Manufacturing
Transportation - Utility
Public Facilities - Institutions
Open Space
Parking Facilities
Vacant Land
We sampled 65 areas of the city to arrive at coastal area typologies.
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
34Coastal Area Typologies
Selected Typology Open Space Low/Medium Density Industrial
Industrial/Low Density Residential
Industrial/ Medium Density Residential
Low Density Residential
Medium Density Residential
High Density Residential / Commercial
Very High Density Commercial
Oceanfront BeachesOrchard Beach
(#527) (also Breezy Point; Great Kills
Park)
Midland Beach (#459); Belle Harbor
South (#433); Sea Gate (#49);
Manhattan Beach (#56)
Coney Island West (#54); Rockaway
Beach (#530)
Bay and estuary plains, natural shores
Pelham Bay Park (#290) (also Jamaica
Bay, portions of Staten Island West
Shore)
Kreisherville (#491) (Also Gowanus Bay,
Flushing Creek)
Douglaston (#351); Broad Channel
(#393); Far Rockaway (#400); Canarsie
(#98)
Marine Park (#71); Edgemere (#405);
Starrett City (#531); Coop City (#273)
Bay and estuary plains, hardened shores
Bloomfield (#506); Bowery Bay (#318;
Newtown Creek East (#529)
Gowanus East (#528); Gowanus West (#24);
Red Hook (#21); Newtown Creek West
(#2); Greenpoint North (#7); Long Island City(#306);
Mott Haven (#205); Greenpoint West
(#10); Sherman Creek (#144);
Gerritsen Beach (#68); Great Kills (#471); Howard
Beach North (#361); Belle Harbor North
(#412)
East Harlem South (#156); East Village (#166); East Harlem North (#152); North
Corona (#325)
Chelsea (#120), Soho/Tribeca (#117)
Battery Park City (#115); Lower
Manhattan (#171)
Oceanfront plains, hardened shores Gravesend Bay Bath Beach
Sheltered Slopes, hardened shores
Flushing Bay (#331); Port Morris (#290); Sunset Park South
(#30)
Mariner's Harbor (#516)
DUMBO (#15); Edgewater (#526)
Throggs Neck (#258); Whitestone (#340);
Country Club (#266); City Island (#297);
College Point (#335)
Bay Ridge (#35); Astoria (#310)
Brooklyn Heights (#18); Kips Bay
(#163)
Rocky/Sandy Sheltered Slopes Westchester Creek
(#248)Lower Bronx River
(#218) Riverdale (#191)
Oceanfront slopes Butler Manor Woods Prince's Bay (#478); Tottenville (#484)
Sheltered, rocky bluffs Inwood Hill Park Norwood (#224)
Sheltered bluffs, reinforced shores
West Harlem (#134); Morris Heights
(#199)Upper West Side
(#126)
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Coastal Area Typologies 35
Land Use Types
One-Two Family Buildings
Multi-family Walkup Buildings
Multi-family Elevator Buildings
Mixed commercial/residential
Commercial – Office Buildings
Industrial - Manufacturing
Transportation - Utility
Public Facilities - Institutions
Open Space
Parking Facilities
Vacant Land
We sampled 65 areas of the city to arrive at coastal area typologies.
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Coastal Area Typologies
Different areas face specific types and levels of risks, and therefore require different strategies.
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Miami Beach
37
COASTAL REACH STRATEGIES
In-Land Shoreline In-Water
Bulkhead
Seawall
Revetment
Levee/Dike
Beaches & Dunes
Groin
Floating Islands
Living Shoreline
Breakwater
Artificial Reef
ConstructedWetland
Constructed BreakwaterIsland
Coastal Morphology Modification
Elevate Land
Floodwall
Waterfront Park
StrategicRetreat
Multi-purpose Levee
Surge Barrier
Protect building systems
Dry floodproofing
Elevate on enclosure/Wet floodproofing
Elevate on fill Or mound
Elevate on piles
Site protection
Floating Structures
Amphibious Structures
BUILDING & SITE SCALE STRATEGIES
There are many potential strategies at various scales.
OTHER RELATED STRATEGIES
Infrastructure Adaptation Land use management Insurance Emergency Preparedness
Polder
Inventory of Adaptive Strategies
38
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Strategies for New Construction
Elevate on Piles
Strategies for New Construction
Staten Island, South Shore
39
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Strategies for Existing Buildings
Protect Building Systems
Strategies for New Construction
Staten Island, South ShoreNew Orleans, Louisiana
40
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Shoreline Strategies
Seawall
Strategies for New Construction
Staten Island, South ShoreNew Orleans, Louisiana
Blackpool, United Kingdom (Image Credit: AECOM)
41
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
In-Water Strategies
Artificial Reef
Strategies for New Construction
Staten Island, South ShoreNew Orleans, Louisiana
Reef Balls. Image courtesy of NY/NJ Baykeeper. Fort Pierce Marina, Florida.
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Evaluation Framework and Process: What? Where? And When?This is a flexible process to identify strategies that can implemented across various physical and time scales.
42Evaluation Framework
Assess Hazards, Vulnerabilities, and Risk
2
Identify Potential Strategies3
Evaluate Potential Strategies4
Develop Adaptation Pathways5
Implement Strategies6
Identify Study Area and Sub-Areas1
Monitor and
reassess.
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Hazards with the greatest consequences and highest probabilities present a higher risk than those will low consequences or low probabilities.
Risk can be managed through mitigation actions that reduce the likelihood of an impact or the magnitude of consequences, but risk cannot be fully eliminated.
Likelihood of an event
Magnitude of consequences
Risk
Risk is defined as a product of the likelihood of an event occurring (typically expressed as a probability) and the magnitude of consequences should that event occur.
43Risk and Vulnerability
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE URBAN WATERFRONT ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES
Assess Hazards, Vulnerabilities, and Risk
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Risk is an interaction between coastal hazards and vulnerabilities.
Coastal Hazards
Vulnerabilities
Tidal Flooding
Populations
Built Environment
Infrastructure
Natural Resources
RISK
Storm surge
Erosion
Waves
Storm Surge
For example,
Built Environment
44Risk and Vulnerability
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE URBAN WATERFRONT ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Types of CostsTypes of Benefits
Residual risk Construction, maintenance and operation costsEnvironmental degradationSocioeconomic and equity impacts Negative impacts on public realm/urban design Contributions to climate changeInconsistency with local goals and plans
Risk ReductionAvoided costs
Environmental benefitsSocioeconomic and equity benefits
Improvements to the public realm/urban design
Climate mitigation benefitsFurthering local goals, plans
Evaluation of costs and benefits should look at direct & indirect metrics, and quantifiable and non-quantifiable categories.
45Evaluation and Implement
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies is an information resource and guide with broad applicability, for example:
46Applications
For the SIRR report, A Stronger, More Resilient New York
For the Army Corps North Atlantic Coast Comprehensive Study
For local communities developing adaptation plans
Informed the analysis and recommendations for coastal strategies.
A catalog of potential measures and framework for measuring costs and benefits.
Guidance on approaching a complicated decision-making process.
47
COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency:
A Stronger, More Resilient New York 47
Photo: dland Studio
CONFIDENTIAL
OverviewIn response to Hurricane Sandy, Mayor Bloomberg set up a special initiative (“SIRR”) to
answer three key questions.
Question 2 Question 3
How do we rebuild post-Sandy
and prepare for a future with climate change?
What could happen in
the future?
Question 1
What happened during Sandy and
why?
CONFIDENTIAL
Hurricane Sandy’s most distinctive feature was its record-shattering surge (and relatively low wind and rain), caused by the confluence of highly unusual factors.
Source: UCAR/ NCAR, NOAA
Question 1: What Happened During Sandy?
Sandy eclipsed the previous record, set in 1960, by almost 40%
Note: Among top 10 high
water marks at the Battery since 1900, all are post-1950
Top Ten High-Water Events at the Battery, 1900-2012
Source: NASA, NOAA, AGU Blogosphere,
Question 1: What Happened During Sandy?
Hurricane Katrina (August 28, 2005) Hurricane Sandy (October 28, 2012)
Hurricane Wind Fields 100 milesScale:
Gusts extended 1,000 milesGusts extended 300 miles
Among Sandy’s distinctive features was a wind field that was more than three times that of Katrina…
Cause of the Westward Hook:
Jet stream: Hurricane Sandy was steered between a blocking high pressure system in northern Canada and a low pressure trough over the Southeast U.S.
Source: Bostinno.com, NOAA, AGU Blogosphere, National Weather Service, Slate.com
…Sandy also took a path that included a rare “westward hook,” rather than a more traditional northeasterly path, putting the city in the path of its onshore winds…
If Sandy had not been reclassified a “post-tropical cyclone” shortly before crossing the NJ coast, it would have been only the third hurricane to hit NJ since 1878
Question 1: What Happened During Sandy?
CONFIDENTIAL
Question 1: What Happened During Sandy?
The Battery: Water Levels (Tide + Surge)
CONFIDENTIAL
…In fact, had Sandy arrived nine hours earlier, it likely would have had a significant impact on communities and infrastructure in the Bronx and Northern Queens.
Sandy Inundation: Actual
Question 1: What Could Happen in the Future?
Sandy Inundation: Simulated 9 Hrs Earlier
More significant impacts than were experienced during Sandy likely would have occurred at Hunts Point,
LaGuardia Airport, key power generation facilities, and other locations
CONFIDENTIAL
10/29 – 8:00pm 10/29 – 10:00pm
The change in wind direction from the northeast to the southeast increased wave action along the city’s Ocean-facing shoreline
…The direction of the wind – and shifts in its direction – also helped determine the extent of damage in different parts of the city.
Wind predominantly
out of the northeast,
driving southwesterly
Wind predominantly
out of the southeast,
driving northwesterly
Question 1: What Happened During Sandy?
CONFIDENTIAL
The confluence of all of these factors led to particularly significant damage along the Atlantic Coast and in the Harbor.
STILLWATER FLOODINGHarbor and other areas to the north generally experienced inundation only
Flooding caused damage primarily to building systems and contents, as well as critical infrastructure
SURGE AND WAVE ACTIONOcean-facing shorelines experienced inundation plus wave action
Wave action plus smaller, lighter building stock caused damage to building systems and contents and critical infrastructure and caused severe structural damage to buildings (especially along ocean shoreline)
Stillwater FloodingSurge and Wave Action
Upper Harbor
Atlantic Coast
DOB Tagging by Flood Type and Geography
Question 1: What Happened During Sandy?
CONFIDENTIAL
Sandy’s massive, but idiosyncratic, impact on New York City teaches three important lessons.
1. The City should not focus on preparing for “the next Sandy”
An exact repeat of Sandy is highly unlikely (though not impossible)
2. That said, Sandy devastated many of those impacted and the City must help them rebuild
3. And, even if it may not repeat again exactly, Sandy serves as a harbinger of a type of risk to which New York is (and will increasingly be) vulnerable
Lessons of Hurricane Sandy
Question 1: What Happened During Sandy?
CONFIDENTIAL
FEMA’s new Preliminary Work Maps, though, are only one of the pieces needed to solve the city’s climate risk puzzle.
Question 2: What Could Happen in the Future?
Future Risks of Downpours Future Risks of Heat Waves
Future Risks of Drought Future Risks of Sea Level Rise
PWMs Maps are based on historic data and do not address…
CONFIDENTIAL
An important tool for understanding the risks facing the city from climate change is the New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC), created out of PlaNYC...
Background Advises City on latest climate science Codified in August 2012 legislation, requiring regular updates
Member and Technical Team Institutions Columbia University CUNY NASA Princeton University Rutgers University SUNY Stevens Institute of Technology University of Pennsylvania Wesleyan University
2009
2010
Question 2: What Could Happen in the Future?
CONFIDENTIAL
…At the Administration’s request, the NPCC updated a groundbreaking 2009 analysis of how climate change might impact New York for SIRR.
Question 2: What Could Happen in the Future?
# of 90+ degree days could double (or triple), to current level of Birmingham, AL
Sea levels likely to rise 1-2 ft. and could rise by > 2 ½ ft. (on top of 1 ft. since 1900)
CONFIDENTIAL
Question 2: What Could Happen in the Future?Using the NPCC projections, the City, with the CUNY Institute for Sustainable Cities, developed maps showing how floodplains will expand by the 2050s…
FEMA PWMs, with 2020s and 2050s Floodplain Growth
100-YEAR FLOODPLAIN*
2013 PWMs
2050s Projected
Change (%)
Residents 398,000 801,000 101%
Jobs 271,000 430,000 59%
Buildings 68,000 114,000 68%
Floor Area (SF)
534M 855M 60%
* Numbers are rounded for clarity
CONFIDENTIAL
Areas Experiencing Regular Tidal Flooding by 2050s
…The City’s analysis also shows that much of New York’s coast will be subject to regular tidal flooding by the 2050s, even without storms.
Question 2: What Could Happen in the Future?
POTENTIAL SEA LEVEL RISE IMPACTS
BoroughWaterfront
(miles)Risk of Tidal Flooding
(miles) (%)
Bronx 86.7 6.2 7%
Brooklyn 113.3 11.5 10%
Manhattan 44.8 1.3 3%
Queens 155.1 21.4 14%
Staten Island 120.1 2.6 2%
Total 520 43 8%
CONFIDENTIAL
Likelihood of Damage (%) (Return Period, 50 = 1/50 years)
Loss Frequency Relating to Wind and Surge, 2013 vs. 2020s vs. 2050s
Source: Swiss Re model
Working with Swiss Re, the City also was able to quantify how climate change might change the monetary impacts and frequency of damaging storms
▪ Likelihood of a $19B storm (like Sandy) will grow 17% by the 2020s and 40% by the 2050s
▪ Likely loss of 1/70-year storm (like Sandy) will grow to $35B by the 2020s and $90B by the 2050s (in current dollars)
1/60
~$90B
~$35B
~$19B1/50
Question 2: What Could Happen in the Future?
1/70
CONFIDENTIAL
In short, even if unlikely to recur in precisely the same way, the experience of Sandy serves as a wake-up call to all New Yorkers.
Though New York has always been vulnerable to coastal flooding…
…Sandy and FEMA’s PWM maps show this vulnerability to be greater than previously understood…
…The NPCC’s work shows that not only is this vulnerability likely to grow with climate change, but that it also will involve more than just coastal storms…
…While the analysis by Swiss Re is likely to show a real cost of inaction
Question 2: What Could Happen in the Future?
The City must start taking steps immediately to address its long-term challenges
CONFIDENTIAL
Be ambitious, but seek achievability Can be significantly more resilient Aim for the stars, but do not fail to launch
Create multiple defensive layers (reduce impacts, while allowing faster recovery) First Layer: Coastal defenses (less flooding; less impact) Second Layer: Buildings (less serious damage; faster rehabitation) Third Layer: Infrastructure and critical systems (fewer outages; faster restoration)
3
Acknowledge resource limits, but seek to stretch resources Maximize benefits per dollar (including non-monetary benefits, such as vulnerability of population)2
To address the risks of climate change, the Administration has developed a plan that adheres to four core principles.
1
In impacted areas, do not abandon the waterfront (rebuild and, where possible, improve) Fight for coastal neighborhoods4
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?
CONFIDENTIAL
The Administration’s plan focuses on both citywide and neighborhood-specific challenges.
Citywide Systems and Infrastructure
Coastal Protection Buildings Insurance Utilities Liquid Fuels Healthcare Telecommunications Transportation Parks Water and Wastewater Food Supply Solid Waste Economic Recovery Community Preparedness and Response Environmental Protection and Remediation
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?
Impacted Communities
Brooklyn-Queens Waterfront East and South Shores of Staten Island South Queens Southern Brooklyn Southern Manhattan
Report contains: Nearly 450 pages Over 250 initiatives
CONFIDENTIAL
Effectiveness confirmed via international and US due diligence, consultations with
engineering firms, hydrodynamic modeling, etc.
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?The first layer of the Administration’s plan focuses on coastal defenses, especially those that proved to be effective during Sandy or have been proven elsewhere.
Nourished beaches and dunes
Increased elevation and berms
Newer and elevated drainage systems
Wave attenuation systems
Tidal barriers along inland waterways
Select Defenses That Have Proved Effective
With Dune Protection – Beach 56th Street
Before Sandy
CONFIDENTIAL
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?The first layer of the Administration’s plan focuses on coastal defenses, especially those that proved to be effective during Sandy or have been proven elsewhere.
Nourished beaches and dunes
Increased elevation and berms
Newer and elevated drainage systems
Wave attenuation systems
Tidal barriers along inland waterways
Select Defenses That Have Proved Effective
With Dune Protection – Beach 56th Street
After Sandy
Effectiveness confirmed via international and US due diligence, consultations with
engineering firms, hydrodynamic modeling, etc.
CONFIDENTIAL
Priority is areas with:
Highest storm surge probability
Most “floodable FAR”
Most critical infrastructure
Most vulnerable populations
Coastline Risk “Heat Map”
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?The Administration’s plan calls for a first phase of coastal protection projects that is relatively affordable and focuses initially on those areas that are most vulnerable...
CONFIDENTIAL
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?…This first phase is projected to cost about $3.7 billion and will include a mix of proven strategies, ranging from increasing coastal edge elevations…
CONFIDENTIAL
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?…The first phase will also work to minimize the impacts that waves have on vulnerable neighborhoods…
CONFIDENTIAL
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?…Finally, the first phase will work to minimize the impacts of “stillwater” inundation on vulnerable neighborhoods.
CONFIDENTIAL
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?As resources are found, the Administration’s plan calls for completion of a full-build set of coastal protections that expand on and complement its first phase strategies.
CONFIDENTIAL
Implementation and FundingImplementation of the Administration’s plan will require interagency coordination, overseen by a new Director of Resiliency.
Administration to seek legislation to: Enshrine structure Have OLTPS update
plan every 4 yrs. Have OLTPS include
resiliency indicators in annual updates
Director of Resiliency will report to Head of OLTPS and oversee agency coordination
Implementation and FundingThe total cost of the Administration’s plan is nearly $20 billion, much – though not all – of which will be covered by existing or likely new sources of funding…
Includes: City capital (previously
allocated) CDBG (first tranche) Other Federal funds (e.g.,
USACE) Includes: CDBG (future
tranches) FEMA Hazard
Mitigation funds Utility ratepayers
Options to Fill Gap: New Federal sources
(e.g., new supplemental appropriation as per Katrina)
New City capital (up to $1B)
Other potential sources
CONFIDENTIAL
Implementation & FundingThe Administration has identified nearly 60 concrete steps that it intends to take before year-end 2013 to advance its plan.
Select 2013 Resiliency Milestones Identified in SIRR Report
CONFIDENTIAL
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?
Lessons of Sandy
Structural damage mainly in small, light buildings built pre-modern codes
Taller, newer and heavier buildings tended to have systems/contents damage
In studying how best to protect the city’s building stock, the Administration first examined how different types of buildings fared during Sandy…
1 Floor 2 Floors 3 to 6 Floors 7 Floors or Higher
Year of Construction Combust. Non-
Combust. Combust. Non-Combust. Combust. Non-
Combust. Combust. Non-Combust.
Buildings in Sandy
Inundation
Area
Total
Pre-1961 18% 3% 37% 1% 11% 1% 0% 1%
Post-1961 2% 1% 16% 1% 6% 1% 0% 1%
Red /
Destroyed Tag
s
Pre-1961 73% 1% 16% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0%
Post-1961 1% 0% 3% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%
Share of Total Buildings in the Sandy Inundation Area vs. Share of Building Damage
Source: DOB December Tags, DCP PLUTO
CONFIDENTIAL
Elevation may be practical for some city buildings;
But, city has 68K buildings in 100-yr. floodplain:
For 39%, elevation is impractical or infeasible (e.g., narrow lots, attached, etc.); and
For others, elevation is undesirable (would destroy urban fabric)
In all cases, elevation is extremely expensive
Elevation also only addresses surge, not other extreme weather
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?…Given the vulnerability of parts of New York’s building stock, the City first looked at the traditional approach to mitigation – elevation…
Note: Elevation is one of few mitigation strategies for which National Flood Insurance Program offers premium discounts
CONFIDENTIAL
…Given the challenges of standard mitigation strategies, the Administration’s plan will ensure greater resiliency in a way that is tailored to the city…
Strengthen existing building codes
Flood
Elevation: In 100-yr. floodplain, build to FEMA flood elevation + freeboard (1-2 ft.)
Post-2025, more freeboard, if sea levels rise sufficiently
Critical Systems: Improve protections
Wind: Regulate ballast; explore other changes
Provide zoning relief: Allow elevation without “zoning penalty” for additional height
Encourage retrofits for resiliency
Flood
$1.2B Incentive: For % of cost to protect key systems and, for vulnerable stock, structures
% based on financial capacity
Reserve for small homes, industrial bldgs., affordable housing and each borough
Mandate: Require bldgs. > 7 stories/300KSF to protect key systems by 2030
Wind Protection: Increase inspections
NYCHA: Create resiliency program for damaged and undamaged buildings
Recommendations are consistent with those of Building Resiliency Task Force
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?
New Buildings/Post-Sandy Rebuilds Existing Buildings
CONFIDENTIAL
…The Administration’s building resiliency plan also dovetails with its proposals to address challenges associated with the National Flood Insurance Program.
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?
NFIP Challenges
1. Affordability Upcoming end to subsidies New maps raising elevations and expanding
100-yr. floodplain
2. Low uptake 80% of residential buildings inundated by
Sandy did not have NFIP coverage
City Proposals
1. Premium credits for mitigation, other than elevation
2. Federal low-income subsidies
3. Lower-cost, higher-deductible policies for those not required to get NFIP coverage
CONFIDENTIAL
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?The Administration’s plan also addresses the vulnerability of a variety of additional critical
systems that serve the City.
Liquid Fuels
Telecommunications
Parks
Food Supply
Healthcare
Transportation
Solid Waste
Water and Wastewater
Economic Recovery
Environmental Protection and Remediation
Community Preparedness and Response
Utilities
CONFIDENTIAL
Sandy-Impacted Communities
Focus on areas where physical damage has lingered
Incorporate Citywide resiliency initiatives
Rebuilding programs for homes and businesses
Prioritize rebuilding, but seek to address underlying challenges
Tailored to each area, including: Up to $20M “Neighborhood Game Changer Competition”
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?While focusing on Citywide systems and infrastructure, the Administration also developed plans to help Sandy-impacted areas to rebuild safer and stronger.
CONFIDENTIAL
Plan Highlights
Work with USACE to study and install local storm surge barrier at Newtown Creek, and study and design barrier at Gowanus Canal
Install integrated flood protection system in Red Hook
Launch sales tax abatement for industrial resiliency investments and upgrade City-owned industrial properties
Create and implement revitalization strategy for targeted retail and community spaces in Red Hook Houses
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Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?The Administration’s plans focus on the Brooklyn-Queens Waterfront…
Conceptual rendering of Newtown Creek surge barrier
CONFIDENTIAL
Plan Highlights
Work with USACE to construct armored protection from Fort Wadsworth to Great Kills
Launch Mid-Island Bluebelt
Install revetments and wetlands for wave attenuation on South Shore
Develop comprehensive revitalization plan for Great Kills Harbor
Study zoning changes to promote resiliency in Midland Beach
Launch “21st C. bungalow competition” for neighborhoods such as Midland, New Dorp and South Beaches
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?…And on the East and South Shores of Staten Island…
Conceptual rendering of levee at South Beach
CONFIDENTIAL
Plan Highlights
Develop comprehensive revitalization plans for Boardwalk, B. 116th St., B. 108th St. and Mott Ave.
Work with USACE to install double dune system in Breezy Pt. and to study system for rest of Rockaway Peninsula
Work with USACE to study and install wetland and wave attenuation in Howard Beach
Develop a plan to address frequent tidal inundation in Broad Channel and Hamilton Beach
Launch “21st C. bungalow competition” for neighborhoods such as Broad Channel and Hamilton Beach
Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?…As well as South Queens…
Conceptual rendering of Beach 116th Street
CONFIDENTIAL
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Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?…And Southern Brooklyn…
Plan Highlights
Develop designs for Coney Island Creek wetlands and tidal barrier with opportunities for economic development
Support entertainment district expansion, including new roller coaster and Aquarium improvements
Work with USACE on nourishment of Coney, Brighton and Plumb Beaches
Replace destroyed Ida G. Israel hospital facility
Launch “21st C. bungalow competition” for neighborhoods such as Gerritsen Beach
Conceptual rendering of Coney Island Creek wetlands and tidal barrier
CONFIDENTIAL
Highlights
Study multi-purpose levee to increase East Side resiliency and create mixed-use development (“Seaport City”)
Install integrated flood protection system along Hospital Row, LES and Chinatown and explore installation in LM
Design integrated flood protection system for remainder of Southern Manhattan
Facilitate Water St. revitalization with plaza activation and enhancement and streetscape improvements
Harden key utility, telecom and transit networks
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Question 3: How Should the City Address Climate Risks?…Together with Southern Manhattan.
Conceptual rendering of Lower Manhattan multi-purpose levee
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COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE
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88Photo: dland Studio
89COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE