Primary sectorsPrimary sectors

1. FARMING.• 1.1. Physical factors: climate, relief, soil.• 1.2. Social and economic factors: labour, market,

government.2. CLASSIFICATION.• Arable, pastoral, mixed.• Intensive, extensive.• Commercial, subsistence.• Nomadic, sedentary.3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN

THE WORLD.• 3.1. Shifting cultivation.• 3.2. Wet rice farming.• 3.3. Intensive commercial farming: market gardening.• 3.4. Extensive commercial farming.• 3.5. Plantation agriculture.

Farming is the growing of crops and the Farming is the growing of crops and the rearing of animalsrearing of animals

1. Farming1. Farming

1.1 Physical factors: climate1.1 Physical factors: climate1.1 Physical factors: climate1.1 Physical factors: climate

Temperature: crops need a minimum of 6°C to grow. (Look over climates in the world)

Rainfall: crops need between 250 mm and 500 mm a year.

Climatic regions in the worldClimatic regions in the world

1.1 Physical factors: relief1.1 Physical factors: relief1.1 Physical factors: relief1.1 Physical factors: relief

Flat land is easier to grow crops on, there is less soil erosion and machinery can be used safely.

Some places are too high to grow crops because they are too cold. Temperature decreases 6°C each 1000 m.

Only south facing slopes are warmer because they face the sun

1.1 Physical factors: soil1.1 Physical factors: soil1.1 Physical factors: soil1.1 Physical factors: soil

Soil needs to be fertile, deep and well drained.

1.2 1.2 Social, economic, Social, economic, technological and politic factorstechnological and politic factors1.2 1.2 Social, economic, Social, economic, technological and politic factorstechnological and politic factors

Social:1.Property2.Possession3.Social

Social:1.Property2.Possession3.Social

Economic:1.Subsistence2.Market

Economic:1.Subsistence2.Market

Politic:1.Agricultural

Policies2.Rural

development Policies

Politic:1.Agricultural

Policies2.Rural

development Policies

Technological:1.Tools2.Species3.Changing

landscape

Technological:1.Tools2.Species3.Changing

landscape

Social FactorsSocial Factors

Social FactorsSocial Factors

Economic FactorsEconomic Factors

Politic FactorsPolitic Factors

Rural development PoliciesRural development PoliciesRural development PoliciesRural development Policies

Politic FactorsPolitic Factors

Quotas are limits on the amount of some produce set by the governments.

Subsidies are money paid by the government to encourage some types of produce.

Quotas are limits on the amount of some produce set by the governments.

Subsidies are money paid by the government to encourage some types of produce.

Technological FactorsTechnological Factors

Farms can be categorised according to what is being grown or reared, the size of the operation, and the agricultural techniques being used.

Farming can be: •sedentary or nomadic; •subsistence or commercial; •arable, pastoral or mixed; •extensive or intensive.

Farms can be categorised according to what is being grown or reared, the size of the operation, and the agricultural techniques being used.

Farming can be: •sedentary or nomadic; •subsistence or commercial; •arable, pastoral or mixed; •extensive or intensive.

2. Classification2. Classification

Sedentary or nomadic?Sedentary or nomadic?Sedentary or nomadic?Sedentary or nomadic?

Sedentary or nomadic?Sedentary or nomadic?Sedentary or nomadic?Sedentary or nomadic?

Subsistence or commercial?Subsistence or commercial?Subsistence or commercial?Subsistence or commercial?

Subsistence or commercial?Subsistence or commercial?

Arable, pastoral or mixed?Arable, pastoral or mixed?

Arable, pastoral or mixed?Arable, pastoral or mixed?

Extensive or intensive?Extensive or intensive?

Extensive or intensive?Extensive or intensive?

3. Traditional Agrarian Landscapes3. Traditional Agrarian Landscapes

It occurs in equatorial forests in South-East Asia, Central and South America and Africa

It is extensive: when soil loses its fertility the land is abandoned.

a) Shifting cultivation

They use manual labour and simple tools.

The farmers grow crops from themselves and their families (subsistence).

The main crops are rice, maiza, tapioca, sweet potatoes, bananas and vegetables.

a) Shifting cultivation

b) Intensive subsistence farming:

Wet rice farming

It occurs in many Asian countries (tropical and monsoon climate)

It requires 1000 mm to 2500 mm of rainfall a year and an average temperature of 20°C.

It is intensive: irrigation allows 2 or 3 crops per year in very small farms.

The level of technology varies (low in India or China, high in Japan or Taiwan). Planting and transplanting are usually done by hand.

b) Intensive subsistence farming:

Wet rice farming

4. Modern agrarian landscapes4. Modern agrarian landscapes

Intensive commercial farming: Intensive commercial farming: market gardeningmarket gardeningIntensive commercial farming: Intensive commercial farming: market gardeningmarket gardening

It produces the vegetables, fruit and flowers that are found in supermarkets.

It uses limited land and it is often near urban markets.

Although they are perishable products, refrigeration and faster transport allow more distant markets to be served.

3.3.Market gardening3.3.Market gardening Market gardens have high

inputs, especially labour, and high yields (intensive).

A wide range of technology is available, from hand hoes to computer-controlled robots.

Farmers usually specialise in a few crops, e.g. salads or flowers.

Some vegetables are grown into greenhouses or using hydroponics (plants grow without soil)

Intensive commercial farming: market Intensive commercial farming: market gardeninggardeningIntensive commercial farming: market Intensive commercial farming: market gardeninggardening

Extensive commercial farmingExtensive commercial farmingExtensive commercial farmingExtensive commercial farming

It occurs in “new countries”, e.g. US, Australia or Argentina, especially in continental climate.

Farms are large and highly mechanised.

It can be arable, e.g. crops of wheat, maize, barley...

It can be also pastoral, e.g. cows and sheep

Farms are very big, more than 200 Ha.

Extensive commercial farmingExtensive commercial farmingExtensive commercial farmingExtensive commercial farming

Plantation agriculturePlantation agriculturePlantation agriculturePlantation agriculture

It takes place in large farms or estates (40 to 1000 Ha) existing in South EastAsia and the Caribbean.

Crops are grown for export

It needs a lot of money for building, planting and making processing factories.

They employ many workers and use high levels of technology.

They produce coffee, cocoa, sugar or trees like tea, rubber and oil palm.

Plantation agriculturePlantation agriculturePlantation agriculturePlantation agriculture