Internet of Things

HELLO!I am BhavinI am here because I love technologyYou can find me at @BhvainIoT

IIT Madras - grad. May 2014: M.Tech (Dual Degree)Co-founder AviPulse - Jan 2014 - presentCo-founder Phaneron Inc. - Launching in Apr 2016

Logistics

Takeoff Session (Protocols): Introduction to IoTProtocols: MQTT, CoAP, HTTPMQTT in depth: Headers, QoS, Topics, Persistence & WillConclusion: Comparison of protocols

Consolidation Session (Implementation): Hardware: Arduino, ESP8266 & NodeMCU, Raspberry Pi, UDOOSoftware: Brokers, APIs, FrameworksPractices: Cloud, Battery Life, Mobile Apps, SecuritFuture: Smart Cities, Mission 2020

Hands-on Session (Demo): The Participants will form groups and make a hands on “Minimal Viable Prototype” demo using lean principles and concepts learned in the above sessions

120 mins 10 mins 30 mins 60 mins 20 mins

120 mins 40 mins 40 mins 30 mins 10 mins

120 mins

Big PictureImplement an IoT solution?

→ Hardware agnostic→ Software agnostic→ Protocols matter !→ Concerns:

↠ Battery life, energy consumption↠ Connectivity vs Security↠ Processing Power & Memory

Ideal IoT solution

1. HardwareLet’s look at some hardware

Broadly 3 types

MicrocontrollersJust a simple μctrl with peripherals.There’s no OS installed.Usually constrained in memory, computing power, battery life.Really cheap.E.g: Arduino, ESP8266, etc.

Single Board Comp.Full-fledged comp. with RAM, storage, etcUsually Linux basedBetter computing power, memoryNot battery poweredCostlier than μctrlE.g: Raspberry Pi, Beaglebone, etc

HybridIs both an SBC & embedded platformHas both linux & embedded firmware installedUsually no batteriesQuite costlyE.g: UDOO, Intel® Edison

μctrl - Arduino

μctrl - Arduino

μctrl - ESP8266/NodeMCU

μctrl - ComparisonProps Arduino ESP8266

Microcontroller ATmega328 Tensilica L106

Operating Voltage 5V 5V

Input Voltage (recmd.) 7-12V 5V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V 5V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (~6) 11 (~9)

Analog Input Pins 6 1

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA 10mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA 12mA

Flash Memory 32 KB - ATmega328 (0.5 KB - Bootloader) 512KB

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328) 64 KB

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328) None

Clock Speed 16 MHz 26-52MHz

Connectivity W5100 Ethernet Controller (PoE ready) WiFi built in

Onboard Storage Micro SD card None

UART 1 1

Temp Sensor None Embedded

IR Remote None 38kHz (NEC)

SPI / I2C Yes Yes

Price ₹ 1,200 ₹ 400

SBC - Raspberry Pi

SBC - Raspberry Pi

SBC - Beaglebone

SBC - Comparison

Props Raspberry Pi 2 Beaglebone

ChipBroadcom BCM2836 Arm7 Quad Core Processor SoC 1GHz TI Sitara AM3359 ARM Cortex A8 SoC

CPU900 MHz Low Power ARM1176JZ-F Applications Processor Cortex-A8 + 2xPRU(200Mhz)

GPUDual Core VideoCore IV® Multimedia Co-Processor PowerVR SGX530

Memory 1GB RAM 512 MB

Ethernet onboard 10/100 Mbps Ethernet RJ45 jack

USB 2.0 4 2

Video Output HDMI, Composite RCA 1 Micro-HDMI

Audio Output 3.5mm jack, Stereo over HDMI Stereo over HDMI

Onboard Storage Micro SD card slot 2 GB on-board eMMC + MicroSD

Operating System

Raspbian, Ubuntu, Android, ArchLinux, FreeBSD, OpenELEC, Raspbmc

Angstrom, Ubuntu, Android, ArchLinux, Gentoo, Minix

Power Draw 210-460 mA @ 5V 150-350 mA @ 5V

Price: ₹ 3,500 ₹ 5,000

Hybrid - UDOO (Quad)

Hybrid - UDOO (Quad)

Hybrid - UDOO (Quad)

Hybrid - UDOO (Quad)

CPU Freescale i.MX 6 ARM Cortex-A9 Quad core 1GHzGPU Vivante GC 2000 + Vivante GC 355 + Vivante GC 320Integrated accelerators for 2D, OpenGL® ES2.0 3D and OpenVG™Atmel SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 CPU (same as Arduino Due)RAM DDR3 1GB76 fully available GPIO: 62 digital + 14 digital/analogArduino-compatible R3 1.0 pinoutHDMI and LVDS + Touch2 Micro USB (1 OTG type a+b)2 USB type A (x2) and 1 USB connector (requires a specific wire)Analog Audio and MicCSI Camera Connectionon board Micro SD card reader (boot device)Input Voltage (recommended) 6-15 VEthernet RJ45 (10/100/1000 MBit)WiFi ModuleSATA

Hybrid - UDOO (Neo)

Hybrid - UDOO (Neo)

Hybrid - UDOO (Neo)

ProcessorFreescale™ i.MX 6SoloX applications processor with an embedded ARM Cortex-A9 core and a Cortex-M4 Core

Memory 512MB (Basic) or 1GB (only Extended and Full)Graphics Integrated 2d/3d graphics controller

Video OutMicro HDMI interfaceLVDS interface + touch (I2C signals)

Video InAnalog camera connection supporting NTSC and PAL8-bit parallel camera interface*

Mass StorageMicroSD card slot onboard8-bit SDIO interface*

AudioHDMI audio transmitterS/PIDF & I2S*

USB1x USB 2.0 Type A ports1x USB OTG (micro-AB connector)

Networking

Fast ethernet RJ45 – 10/100Mbps (only Basic and Full)Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n,Direct Mode SmartConfig and Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy(only Extended and Full)

Serial Ports3x UART ports*2x CAN Bus interfaces*

*Available on Pin Header

Hybrid - UDOO (Neo)

Other Interfaces

8x PWM signals*3x I2C interface*1x SPI interface*6x multiplexable signals*

Power Supply

5 V DC Micro USB6-15 V DC Power JackRTC Battery Connector

LEDsGreen Power Status LEDUser Configurable LEDs (Red and Orange)

Integrated Sensors

3-Axis Accelerometer (only Extended and Full)3-Axis Magnetometer (only Extended and Full)3-Axis Digital Gyroscope (only Extended and Full)1x Sensor Snap-In I2C connector (only Extended and Full)

Dimensions 89mm x59mm (3.50″ x 2.32″)

Arduino PinoutArduino-Compatible through the standard Arduino Pins layout and compatible with Arduino shields.

Digital I/O Pins32 extended GPIOs (A9 dedicated)22 arduino GPIOs (M4 dedicated)

Analog Input Pins 6 available Pins

Operating System Android Lollipop & Linux UDOObuntu2 (14.04 LTS) *Available on Pin Header

Hybrid - UDOO (Neo)

Other Interfaces

8x PWM signals*3x I2C interface*1x SPI interface*6x multiplexable signals*

Power Supply

5 V DC Micro USB6-15 V DC Power JackRTC Battery Connector

LEDsGreen Power Status LEDUser Configurable LEDs (Red and Orange)

Integrated Sensors

3-Axis Accelerometer (only Extended and Full)3-Axis Magnetometer (only Extended and Full)3-Axis Digital Gyroscope (only Extended and Full)1x Sensor Snap-In I2C connector (only Extended and Full)

Dimensions 89mm x59mm (3.50″ x 2.32″)

Arduino PinoutArduino-Compatible through the standard Arduino Pins layout and compatible with Arduino shields.

Digital I/O Pins32 extended GPIOs (A9 dedicated)22 arduino GPIOs (M4 dedicated)

Analog Input Pins 6 available Pins

Operating System Android Lollipop & Linux UDOObuntu2 (14.04 LTS) *Available on Pin Header

Hybrid - Intel Edison

Hybrid - Intel Edison

Hybrid - Intel Edison

2. SoftwareLet’s look at some software

MQTT - Brokers

ServerQoS

0QoS

1QoS

2auth

bridge

$SYS

SSL

dynamic topics

cluster

websockets

plugin system

mosquitto ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔

RSMB ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ?WebSphere MQ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ? ? ?HiveMQ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Apache Apollo ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ? ✔ ?Apache ActiveMQ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

my-Channels Nirvana Messaging ✔ ✔ ✔ § ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘ ? ? ?RabbitMQ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ? ? ?Solace ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ § ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘

MQTT.js ✔ ✔ ✔ § ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘

moquette ✔ ✔ ✘ ? ? ? ? ? ✘ ✘ ✘

mosca ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ? ? ? ? ✘ ✔ ✘

IBM MessageSight ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ § ✔ ✘

MQTT - Brokers

ServerQoS

0QoS

1QoS

2auth

bridge

$SYS

SSL

dynamic topics

cluster

websockets

plugin system

2lemetry ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ § ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘

GnatMQ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘

JoramMQ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

ThingMQ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

VerneMQ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

emqttd ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ? ✔ ✔ ✔

MQTT - Clients

→ Mosquitto: mosquitto_pub, mosquitto_sub→ Paho

↠ (Embedded) C/C++↠ Javascript↠ Java↠ Python↠ .NET

→ MQTT.js→ HiveMQ→ PubSubClient.h (for Arduino)

Also need to worry about . . .

→ Backend: Preferably node.js→ Backend API: (REST API with MVC framework)

↠ Sails.js, Express.js, RoR, laravel, Django→ Frontend: (could follow MVC framework)

↠ AngularJS↠ ReactJS

→ Mobile↠ Cordova/phonegap/ionic - hybrid↠ React - Native

3. PracticesSome practical concerns

Gateway/TransportUsing existing security principles

Easy to implement

Maintenance & support is easier

e.g: Firewalls, VPNs, MQTTS, etc.

Security

EmbeddedNew, uncharted territory

Performance issues

Maintenance & support is difficult

e.g: EPID, MQTTS (TLS/SSL)

LAN enforcementBecome increasingly important with more and more potentially hackable devicesLAN enforcement identifies that is device is compromised, notifies user/admin and quarantines the infected devices

Enhanced Privacy ID

→ Patent by Intel. Used by Intel, Atmel, Microchip

→ ISO standard for identity and privacy and has been shipping in Intel platforms since 2011

↠ http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/PEC2011/presentations2011/brickell.pdf

↠ http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/IBE/documents/June08/LI_Enhanced%20Privacy%20ID.pdf

Enhanced Privacy ID

→ EPID is a crypto protocol that provides proof of membership in a group with properties:↠ Anonymous↠ Unlinkable (optional)↠ Issuer does not keep a database of all

members’ private keys↠ Revocable if private key is revealed↠ Proof that private key not used in some specific

previous transaction↠ Auditable revocation list

Enhanced Privacy ID

→ EPID is a Direct Anonymous Attestation (DAA) scheme with enhanced revocation capabilities↠ DAA has been adopted in TCG Trusted Platform

Module (TPM) Spec v1.2

→ EPID is different from a group signatures scheme in that:↠ Nobody can open a group signature and find

out who signs it↠ Member’s privacy is intact (until revoked)

Battery

ZigBee Wi-Fi Bluetooth Smart

Standards-based Yes (802.15.4) Yes (802.11) Yes

Standards Body ZigBee Alliance Wi-Fi Alliance Bluetooth SIG

Application FocusMonitoring & Control Web, Email, Video Sensors

Type of Battery Coin-cell Rechargeable (Li-ION) Coin-cell

Number of Nodes < 10 to 1,000 + < 10 to 250 < 10

Required Throughput (Kbps) < 250 > 500 < 250

Typical Range (Meters) 1 to 100 1 to 100 1 to 70

Network Topology

Self-healing Mesh, Star, Point-to-Point Star, Point-to-Point Star, Point-to-Point

Optimized ForScalability, Low Power, Low Cost

Ubiquity, High Throughput

Ubiquity, Low Power, Low Cost

Battery

→ Duty Cycle: Determining the required transmission strength, duration and duty-cycle between active and sleep states is very important

→ Hardware Config: Adjusting MCU Polling Frequency Saves Power with No User Impact↠ MCU capacitive events are monitored in a

relatively slow, millisecond duty cycle rate since people are accustomed to relatively slow human interface responses compared to most MCU capabilities. This saves battery power without sacrificing usability

Battery

https://www.silabs.com/iot/Pages/battery-life-in-connected-wireless-iot-devices.aspx

Cloud & Mobile

→ Realtime: Designing your mobile app for a more realtime you helps↠ Push Notifications/Widgets/Services↠ Micro-moments

→ IoT Middleware: Readymade middleware can be helpful. The market is heating up!↠ AWS IoT↠ IBM Bluemix®

↠ 2lemetry

Cloud & Mobile

Connectivity

→ IPv4 has to be phased out in favor of IPv6

→ 6LowPAN: protocol for (smart) cities of the future↠ defined encapsulation and header compression

mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent and received over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks

→ Innovative approaches in networking↠ Mesh, DODAG, etc.

Transport LevelWhen the goal is to provide confidentiality TLS/SSL transport encryptionSecure and proven wayNo Men in the MiddleAsymmetric

MQTTS

Network LevelUsing a physically secure network or VPNSuitable for gateway applications, where the gateway is connected to devices on the one hand and with the broker over VPN on the other side.

Application LevelThe MQTT protocol provides a client identifier and username/password credentialsACL settings can be used in conjunction to authenticationPayload Encryption

http://www.hivemq.com/blog/mqtt-security-fundamentals

4. FutureWhat does future hold?

Moore’s Lawnumber of components on chip doubles every year

Koomey’s Lawenergy efficiency of computation doubles roughly every 1.5 years

Metcalfe’s Lawvalue of a network with n nodes ∝O(n2)

Future

Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions

Smart Cities

Future

THANKS!Any questions?See you in the next session!I’m Bhavin Chandarana, find me at→ @BhavinIoT→ bhavin@phaneronsystems.com→ +91-8380013130 | +91-9840425583

Do Checkout:http://www.meetup.com/Internet-Of-Things-Pune-IoTPune