Prensentation of psychology

PRESENTATION OF INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING

BYGROUP ABC

GROUP MEMBER:AHMAD ALIYASIR NAEEMMOHSIN ALINABEEL KHALIDMUHAMMAD USMAN

Experiments on instrumental conditioning are conducted by American Psycologist B.F Skinner.

Experiments on instrumental conditioning are conducted by American Psycologist B.F Skinner.

He was Born on March 20, 1904 in Pennsylvania United State and Died on August 18, 1990 in Massachusetts United State.

INTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING

Intruemntal conditioning is another term of operant conditioning.

INTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING

Intruemntal conditioning is another term of operant conditioning.

In Intrumental Conditioning, reinforcement or punishment are used to either increase or decrease the probability that a behaviour will occur again in the future.

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

Skinner put a hungry rat in the Skinner Box.

EXAMPLE


The hungry rat ran here and there in search of food.

EXAMPLE



During this operation, it incidently pressed the lever and found the food. It tried again and again.

EXAMPLE




At last it lerned that food is attained by pressing the lever.

EXAMPLE




At last it lerned that food is attained by pressing the lever.

FooD was a reinforce for the rat to press the lever.

EXAMPLE




At last it learned that food is attained by pressing the lever.

Food was a reinforce for the rat to press the lever.

The act of pressing lever and getting food was a conditioned response in Instrumental Conditioning.

NEXT

Mohsin Ali

CONTINUE…

CONTINUE…

A hungry Pigeon was closed in the Skinner Box and food was not visible.

CONTINUE…


The pigeon explored the skinner box and pecked here and there.

CONTINUE…



Suddenly it pecked on the black dot on the white card and food was delivered. It pecked for many times, but it got only when it pecked on the black dot.

CONTINUE…



Suddenly it pecked on the black dot on the white card and food was delivered. It pecked for many times, but it got only when it pecked on the black dot.

After many repeated trails, it learned that the pecking on the black dot, give food.

Pecking on black dot and receiving food conditioned reponse.

CONTINUE… Skinner inserted many

keys for pecking in different illuminated colours.



He saw that the pigeon learns to discriminate between different colours of light.




If it sees that pecking on green and red light gives an shock and pecking on yellow light does not give anything.




If it sees that pecking on green and red light gives an shock and pecking on yellow light does not give anything.

The number of pecking on green light will be highest and the last on red light.

CONTINUE… It proves that positive

reinforcement (food) strengthens the CR (condition response) and negative reinforcement (electric block) weakens the CR.



In Intrumental conditioning of Skinner, the animals learned the operation of an instrument.



In Instrumental conditioning of Skinner, the animals learned the operation of an instrument.

Food or the reward, a positive reinforcement was conditioned with the correct use of operation of the instrument.

NEXT

yasir Naeem

REINFORCEMENT & TYPES

Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows.

REINFORCEMENT & TYPES

Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows.

There are Four types of reinforcement:

Primary Reinforcement Secondary Reinforcement

Positive Punishment Negative Punishment

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

A positive reinforcement

adds a stimulus to increase or maintain the frequency of a behavior. The increase in behavior is independent of whether the organism finds the positive reinforcement "pleasant" or not.

EXAMPLE:

Food Money Water

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Behavior that terminates the negative reinforcement likely to increase or be maintained in frequency.

The negative reinforcement is present before the behavior.

EXAMPLE:

The pigeon when pecking on red light, get shock, does not peck it again.

NEXT

Nabeel Khalid

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

Positive punishment occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a stimulus.

EXAMPLE

Such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

Negative punishment occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a stimulus.

EXAMPLE

Such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.

NEXT

Muhammad Usman

DIFFERENCES

The subject do not show possible learning without reinforcement.

Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental

Conditioning

DIFFERENCES

The subject do not show possible learning without reinforcement.

The subjects show possible even without reinforcement.


Conditioning

DIFFERENCES

The subject do not show latent learning without reinforcement.

Emotions of fear are acquired or learned on the presentation of loud noises associated to harmless animals.

The subjects show latent even without reinforcement.


Conditioning

DIFFERENCES

The subject do not show latent learning without reinforcement.

Emotions of fear are acquired or learned on the presentation of loud noises associated to harmless animals.

The subjects show latent even without reinforcement.

Behavior is shaped and strengthened by rewarding desired behavior and weekend or diminished by punishment.


Conditioning

DIFFERENCES

Extinction occurs when CS is repeatedly presented alone.


Conditioning

DIFFERENCES


Extinction occur when consistant reinforcement stops.


Conditioning

DIFFERENCES


Behavior that occurs as an automatic or innate or unlearned response to some is called the respondant behavior.



Conditioning

DIFFERENCES




Behavior is learned that operates on the environment, producing consequence is called the operant behavior.


Conditioning

DIFFERENCES



The controlling stimulus i.e, bell comes before the response of salivation.




Conditioning

DIFFERENCES



The controlling stimulus i.e, bell comes before the response of salivation.



The controlling stimulus a reinforce comes after the response i.e food after pressing lever.


Conditioning

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Prensentation of psychology