1. Bacterial Locomotor Organelles ~ Flagella

2. Flagella is a LASH or Whip like appendage , arising from Cellbody of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Organisms Main Function of the Flagella is Locomotion , but other than that it also functions as a Sensory Organelle. bBACTERIA 3. Motility : Motility -Movement Swarming occurs with some bacteria - Spreads across petri dishes - Proteus species is the most evident This motility of bacteria occur in 2 different phenomenon : ~ Phototaxis - Movement of bacteria in response to Light This phototaxis is again of 2 types - * Positive Phototaxis : Towards light * Negative Phototaxis : Away from light ~ Chemotaxis Movement of bacteria in response to light This Chemotaxis is again of 2 types - * Positive Chemotaxis : Towards Chemical * Negative Chemotaxis : Away from Chemicals 4. Arrangement of Bacterial Flagella How many flagella does a bacteria have ? How are they arranged ? Do all Bacteria have flagella ? How does a flagella look like ? How does it help in movement of a bacteria ? 5. Classification of Bacteria based on arrangement of flagella . . . ATRICHOUS : Absence of Flagella MONOTRICHOUS : Presence of a Single Flagella at one end LOPHOTRICHOUS : Presence of tuft of Flagella at one end AMPHITRICHOUS : Presence of a single Flagella at both ends PERITRICHOUS : Presence of Flagella all over the cell surface . 6. Lactobacillus Vibrio Pseudomonas Spirillum E.coli 7. Examples of the bacteria based on the arrangement of flagella . . . Atrichous : Lactobacilli ,Diptheria bacillus Monotrichous : Vibrio cholerae Lophotrichous : Pseudomonas Amphitrichous : Spirillum Peritrichous : Bacillus 8. Structure of a Flagella -Prokaryotes Flagellum , consists of a Basal body , Hook and a Main Filament . Basal Body or Basal Granule : 200 to 500 A in diameter , In gram -ve bacteria , basal ring has 2 sets of rings , i.e., ~ Proximal set ~ Distal set Each set has 2 rings,and the four rings are- M-ring , S ring , P ring , L ring . 9. Continued . . . The arrangement of these rings are from inside to outside . M-ring is anchored to Plasma membrane , and P- ring to the Peptidoglycan layer of the cell-wall. M-ring provides the movement to the flagella. The S-ring is the Static- ring . The P-ring is attached to the Peptidoglycan layer , and the L-ring to the Lipopolysaccharide layer of the membrane of the gram -ve . While in Gram +ve , there are only a only single set of rings ,No attachment to cell wall is seen . The inner rings are attached to the p.membrane. 10. Hook : The Hook,penetrates the cell-wall,and connects main Filament and Basal body . It allows the axis of the helix to point directly away from the cell. Main Filament : The filament consists entirely of Protein, called Flagellin. This protein is either free or consists of very low amounts of amino acid residues. These residues are of : - Proline,Histidine,Cysteine,Tryptophan 11. Arrangement of the Flagella 12. Flagellar Arrangement of Eukaryotic Bacteria. Completely different when compared to Prokaryotic flagella . It consists of 9 fused pairs of micro tubules that make a cylinder. In addition , there are 2 unfused micro-tubles present in the center of the cylinder . Thereby , named as 9+2 arrangement . Outward projection of cytoplasm. 13. Internal Structures of Eukaryotic flagellum 14. Internal Structures of flagella