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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 13
© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: http://www.RapidLearningCenter.com 1
Rapid Learning CenterChemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math
Rapid Learning Center Presents …p g
Teach Yourself AP Biology in 24 Hours
*AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which does not endorse, nor is affiliated in any way with the Rapid Learning courses.
The Origin Of e O g OSpecies
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Rapid Learning Centerwww.RapidLearningCenter.com/
© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
AP Biology Rapid Learning SeriesWayne Huang, PhD
Andrew Graham, PhDElizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhDJessica Barnes, PhD
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 13
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Learning Objectives
Understand how new species originate
By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
species originate.
Know what makes a species a species.
Understand how environmental change effects biodiversity.
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Be able to apply these concepts to understand the continual evolution of species today.
Concept MapSympatric speciation
Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
Biological
Gene Pool Isolation via internal barrier
Truly Satisfy Species
Definition
Morpho-Species
pEvent
Origin Of
Species Biodiversity
Biological Species Concept
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Basic Patterns of Evolution
Concept
CladogenesisAnagenesis
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Species Concept
Define species
Morphology species concept
Phenotype and genotype interactions
Species Concepts
There are two approaches to
defining a species
One is based on whether or not animals can breed
with one another anddefining a species.
The second approach depends on morphology.
with one another and produce offspring that
are fertile.
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MorphologyMorphology in biology typically refers to the
outward appearance (shape, structure, color, pattern) of
an organism or taxon and the
This is in contrast to physiology which focuses on function. Gross morphology would include: overall shape, an organism or taxon and the
parts that make it up.p ,
color, major markings etc. but not finer details.
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Morphology Species Concept
Morphospecies is an approach in which an organism’s morphology is compared and
contrasted to that of similar organisms, for the purpose of defining a species.
Lynx
Example: animals belonging to the same i i il i f h d
Lynx
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species are similar in : form, shape and appearance. This is the most used method
in the field.
Bobcat
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No they look too different
Morpho-species ApplicationAre these two snakes considered the same species ?
No, they look too different.
Even though different colors, they still look more alike then different, therefore same species.
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Important Terms
Genotype – The genetic makeup of an organism alsomakeup of an organism, also known as genome.
Phenotype – the visible or measurable manifestation of an organism’s traits.
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Genotype + Environment Phenotype
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Morph-Species Theory WeaknessThe morpho-species concept is
not sufficiently rigorous to eliminate mistakes in defining a species. A judgment based on appearance or phenotype leadsappearance or phenotype leads
to ambiguity.
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Biological Species Concept
In this approach a species is defined by its
This breeding would result in viable, fertile
offspring. This definition
M l D k F l H
ability to interbreed with members of a specific
population but not others.
p gof species is less
ambiguous.
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Male Donkey + Female Horse = Mule (infertile) Most mules when mated with mules are usually unable to produce
offspring. So by this definition mules would not be
a species.
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Weakness of Bio-species Concept
The weakness in the “bio-species concept” to define
species is that it is ineffective for organisms gthat procreate asexually. Such as bacteria, plants,
etc.
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Bio-species & Extinct Organisms
The bio-species method of defining a species is ineffective for extinct organismsis ineffective for extinct organisms. This is because it is not possible to determine if the fossils could have mated.
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Evolutionary Relationships & Biodiversity
Anagenesis verse Cladogenesis
Basic Patterns of Evolution
There are two basic patterns of evolution and speciation;
anagenesis and cladogenesis. Genesis means “origin of life”. g
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AnagenesisAnagenesis is the evolution of species involving a change in
gene frequency in an entire population not just a cladogenetic branching event. The entire population is
different from the ancestral population and the ancestral population is considered extinct
Old world monkeys
New World MonkeysProsimians
population is considered extinct.
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Monkeys
Gorillas OrangutansGibbons
Prosimians
Evolutionary change leading to the prosimian line is a transformation
into a new species without branching i.e. anagenesis.
CladogenesisCladogenesis is an evolutionary splitting
event. A clade is a process of adaptive evolution that leads to the development of
a greater variety of sister organisms.
Old world monkeys
New World MonkeysProsimians
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Gorillas OrangutansGibbons
Evolution of New World monkey line is an example of
cladogenesis. Note branching.
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Anagenesis
Biodiversity and EvolutionWhich pattern of evolution would lead to greater species diversity (biodiversity) ?
Anagenesis
Cladogenesis
Hint: all of these primates derived from New World Monkeys
Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon
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Speciation Events
Causes of speciation
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Speciation Events: IsolationA new species may be created when a
segment of a population becomes isolated.
This might happen because of new barriers g ppsuch as mountains or bodies of water.
The new species may be defined based on either “morphology” or “biology” definitions.
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Definition of Gene Pool
Gene PoolThe complete set of genes of all
members in a population.
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What Isolates a Gene Pool ?
Barriers to interbreeding and or reproduction leads to gene pool isolation.
Barrier
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Internal Barriers to Gene Flow
Gene Pool Isolation
Two causes:
C ti f fl i t i i t th i• Cessation of gene flow: intrinsic to the organism, part of its genetic make up.
• Gene pool isolation: external to the organism.
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Reproductive isolation may be caused by the production of
sterile offspring (e.g.. Mule) or prevention of fertilization (e.g.
errors in cell division).
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Internal Barriers to Fertilization
Wrong Place: organisms occupy different
Internal Barriers to fertilization Gene pool Isolation
habitats / niche and do not meet. For example, tree snakes live in an elevated habitat whereas water moccasins stay in or near the water.
Their evolved adaptations / traits allow them to compete within their niche. It also inhibits their meeting.
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Behavioral Barriers
Wrong Behaviors: dissimilar mating behaviors or rituals no mating. i.e., whale songs very distinctive, species specific & required for mating.
Wrong Anatomy: organisms with grossly different body proportions no mating.
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Infertile Progeny Internal Barrier
Progeny not fertile resulting in no further generations.
Donkey + Horse Mule (sterile) no transfer of b k t i i ti ( t l) l tigenes back to originating (parental) populations
(gene pool isolation).
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External Barrier & Gene Pool
Example of External Barrier to reproduction:
For example, geographic isolation. Shifting land masses islands separating from mainland.
Populations once united can be divided with these land shifts.
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Speciation via External BarriersThe time line below depicts a speciation event known as Allopatric Speciation. That is speciation initiated by external barriers.
Time line
No reproduction / fertilization with parental
Environment Change
Modifications via natural selection or extinction (most)
Time line
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Physical Separation
with parental population
ChangeInternal barriers to reproduction develop = new species
No gene flow between populations. Organism subset interacting with new environment
(most)
Summary of Speciation Events
Barriers to Fertilization
(External at 1st)
Gene Pool Isolation + new
environmentNew species
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Extinction or adaptations via
natural selection
Internal barriers may develop as a byproduct of
adaptations
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Sympatric Speciation
S t i i ti i t f i ti t
Sympatric speciation is more important for plant speciation than for animals.
Sympatric speciation is a set of speciation events different from allopatric speciation in the following ways:
Internal barriers develop first without initial external barriers.Internal barriers cause instant reproductive and gene pool isolation.
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Interbreeding Internal BarriersInherent trait of organism leads to decrease or halt of
interbreeding between parental & separated subset populations, even if external barrier no longer exists.g
An example of this type of barrier would be flowers that
bloom at different times preventing cross pollination.
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Sympatric Speciation & Cell DivisionIn speciation by reproductive
isolation, errors in cell division during mitosis can occur. This results in doubling the number
This failure in mitosis results in polyploids; most of which go extinct before
of chromosomes and preventing correct pairing in gametes during fertilization.
reproducing.
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Speciation Speciation Species C tSpecies
C t
Learning Summary
EventsEvents ConceptsConcepts
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Patterns of Evolution
Patterns of Evolution
Evolutionary relationships
and Biodiversity
Evolutionary relationships
and Biodiversity
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Question: Review
Two approaches to species definition. ___________
Morphology & viable offspring
Th ti k f ___________
___________
Genotype
Phenotype
The genetic makeup of an organism is called its ____.
is the evolution of a
The visible or measurable expression of an organisms traits.
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___________Anagenesis____species involving a change in gene frequency in the entire population.
____ is an evolutionary splitting event. ___________Cladogenesis
Congratulations
You have successfully completed the core tutorial
The Origin of Species
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Rapid Learning Center
Wh t’ N t
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What’s Next …
Step 1: Concepts – Core Tutorial (Just Completed)
Step 2: Practice – Interactive Problem Drill
Step 3: Recap – Super Review Cheat Sheet
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