If you can't read please download the document
Upload
cs-ncstate
View
10.025
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Open source:
can you ignore it?
Lane Department of Computer Science &
Electrical Engineering
Feb 5, 2007
Roadmap
What is open source?
Where did it come from?
Why can't you ignore it?
Anthropologically: has been with us for centuries
Economics: too powerful to ignore
Legally: no future without it
Technical: unavoidable
So what social institutions will be adopted to handle it?
What isn't open source
The cathedral
typical closed development: source code is usually not provided (e.g. M'soft)
or, source code is available: between releases development is restricted to exclusive group (e.g. GNU Emacs, GCC)
The Bazaar
Develop code over Internet, in public view.
Exploits Linus's law: "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow"
Everybody Loves
Eric Raymond
Roadmap
What is open source?
Where did it come from?
Why can't you ignore it?
Anthropologically: has been with us for centuries
Economics: too powerful to ignore
Legally: no future without it
Technical: unavoidable
So what social institutions will be adopted to handle it?
Where did it come from?
It was an accident
It was a time after
AT&T had built a
national communications grid
It was a time (1965) when
Gov. regs stopped AT&T building & selling computers
So AT&T lost control of how their wires were used
While customers wanted their computers to connect
Software uncopyable (or, nowhere to copy it too)
Everything only runs on 3 Burroughs 91a computers in the world
Where did it come from? (2)
Packet switching
No centralized control
Hippy-ness
Do anything, rush round
and tell everyone about it
MIT lab : time-sharing,
file-sharing, everything sharing
California home brew computer club
Wild experimentation, insane successes
Where did it come from? (3)
AT&T research rose to the challenge
Ken Thompson & Dennis Ritchie
Build a platform independent operating
system (UNIX). Convinced AT&T to
give it away for free
UNIX source widely used at universities
Read like Shakespeare
This was before...
Bill Gates or Steve Jobs: no one had
made $$$ from software
Gov. Regs relaxed on AT&T- who tried to
take back control of their product
Ownership of ideas:
the MIT experience
LISP machine technology
Developed in an open, sharing environment
Commercialized by two companies
LISP machines Inc. (sharing caring guys)
Symbolics (who got very serious about intellectual property, I.P. restrictions, locking it up, selling it)
One MIT hacker, Richard Stallman, rebelled
In all-night marathons, would reverse engineer the Symbolics updates and give them away to LISP machine Inc
Eventually, he gave up (workload)
But it taught him the power (danger) of standard licenses.
Stallman's printer and the birth
of the Free Software Foundation
Later on, working on UNIX distributions
Stallman wanted to fix a printer driver
Told that the source code was proprietary no access for Stallman
Oh no, thinks Stallman, not again.
UNIX going the way of LISP machines!
Set out to build his own UNIX
Stamped with the GNU public license
Right to share source, forever onwards written into the code
Stallman never
released a LINUX
Starting with portable C compiler (GCC),
Built a large set of free tools (e.g. EMACS)
But building the core the operating system
(the kernel) defeated the FSF
Enter Linus Torvalds
Wrote a kernel from scratch
Using the simplest design possible
Released it on the net, asked for contributions
Herded a large community updating it
Everybody Loves
Eric Raymond
What do we get?
Databases and file systems
Application servers
Portal servers
Programming languages
Frameworks
Components for application development
Development and test environments
Business process and workflow management
Web services
Middleware and enterprise integration
SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)
Rules engines
ETL, data management and transformation
Search machines
Roadmap
What is open source?
Where did it come from?
Why can't you ignore it?
Anthropologically: has been with us for centuries
Economics: too powerful to ignore
Legally: no future without it
Technical: unavoidable
So what social institutions will be adopted to handle it?
O.S & Anthroplogy
OSS is inexplicable... or is it?
Remember the gift economy? Very old
Blood banks
Organ donors
Sharing of food in a hunter-gatherer society,
safeguard against failure of any individual's daily foraging.
Politician gives patronage and favors in exchange for support
Pacific Northwest Native American potlatch ritual,
leaders give large amounts of goods to followers
By sacrificing accumulated wealth, leaders gain honor.
Roadmap
What is open source?
Where did it come from?
Why can't you ignore it?
Anthropologically: has been with us for centuries
Economics: too powerful to ignore
Legally: no future without it
Technical: unavoidable
So what social institutions will be adopted to handle it?
OSS is very useful
(says the Europearns)
Information economy is (around) 10% of the GDP
and >50% of economic growth
What can we do to best boost that 10%?
Who writes software?
65% by individuals (often, working for a company)
15% by software firms (e.g. Microsoft)
20% by other institutions
Existing OSS base would cost Euro 12B to reproduce.
This code base is doubling every 18-24 months
Saves industry 36% in software R&D
Europe: Euro 1.2B in OSS development + support (560,000+ jobs),
Euro 263B in revenue / year
More OSS = more innovation = more jobs = more $$$ for everyone
Need New Business Paradigms
Build a playground where others can play
Make the playground useful
Charge small levies
Make it easier for others to join and change
Than leave and start their own
E.g. Redhat business model : $328M in the bank
Give away the operating system (LINUX-based)
Sell training, 24/7 support service in seven languages
E.g. IBM, $250M spend on open source research
Gives them an in to previously closed markets
Can lever that to sell other products
Mozilla Foundation: $72M profit in 2006
From kick-backs from click-throughs
Shocking idea
Build tools people actually want to use
And you'll be rewarded
Second Life
Multi-user virtual reality
Members by real estate where they
can build.. anything
$1,765 for 16 acres
$295/month maintenance
Members buy linden dollars
which can be exchanged for $US
Shops are built, goods are displayed and sold
Linden charges transaction fees
Rock stars do performances there
Corporations build heaquarters there
Oh yeah, and you can fly
Levering the OSS advantage
Second Life viewer recently made open source
Mods being built for (e.g.) disabled access to Second Life
Development cost=$0
Chumby: the anti-iPod
Open source software on a PDA
Wireless,handheld LINUX
Open and hackable
Adapt as you like
Hardware harder to imitate
Why bother?
Why not instead create some
fee-for-use product on the CHUMBY
Faster time to market
OSS is economically dangerous
http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php
Out and out lie perpetuated by closed-source companies
Who see their market share eroded
Every serious thinker in the field discusses
how to evolve the concept of ownership
Not to abandon it
An end to
Perpetual copyright
Using the patent system to stifle innovation
Roadmap
What is open source?
Where did it come from?
Why can't you ignore it?
Anthropologically: has been with us for centuries
Economics: too powerful to ignore
Legally: no future without it
Technical: unavoidable
So what social institutions will be adopted to handle it?
O.S. & Legal
We need to change our legal
and patent system.
Prior to 1975
Not everything got patented
Not everything got copyrighted, in perpetuity
Patents weren't used as weapons in the FUD wars
Copyright was judged by humans,
not controlled by software written by the producers
Why do we need new laws?
We need freedom to change.
Pablo Picasso: "To finish a work? To finish a picture? What nonsense! To finish it means to be through with it, to kill it, to rid it of its soul, to give it its final blow the coup de grace for the painter as well as for the picture."
Stallman's four freedoms:
0 The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
1 The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs.
2 The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.
3 The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
What would those laws mean?
Free to use, free to give, free to get back improvements
Richard Stallman -
Your software must be equally usable in an abortion clinic, or by an anti-abortion organization.
These political arguments belong on the floor of Congress, not in software licenses.
Some people find this lack of discrimination extremely offensive!"
The threat
The Internet's very design built a neutral platform
upon which the widest range of creators could experiment.
Powerful conglomerates are swiftly using both law and technology to "tame" the Internet
Stifling the creatitvity that created it
Transforming it from an open forum for ideas
into nothing more than cable television on speed
Innovation, stifled, directed from the top down,
increasingly controlled by owners of the networks,
holders of the largest patent portfolios,
and, most invidiously, hoarders of copyrights.
Paradise Lost?
But surely the Internet is more
that just a massive mall where
we can only buy-buy-buy
Albeit with trivial customization.
More things in heaven and earth
than are dreamt of in your philosophy.
Range of options offered on the web much less than range of possible options
Which of these narrowly defined options will I force you to buy?
My SCION could have come in many colors. But can my new car...
Fly?
Mate with other cars I like to auto-construct new ones?
Where do we practice unfettered imagination?
Free access to Resources? Dangerous?
A mature society has institutions that protects and secures dangerous resources
Guns have gun cabinets
Forests have conservation laws
Plutonium and anthrax viruses are locked away (we hope)
The same mature society allows free access to other resources
Shared language
Telephones, roadways
Publication of scientific theories
An open press where ideas are discussed
Free access to Resources? Useful!
Do we want centralized control of all resources?
Single point of failure
e.g. 2005: national power grid crashed by one tree on one power line
Soft resources are unique
using them does not exhaust them
information can be shared without being halved
the more we work on ideas, the more ideas we have.
Why OSS teaches the rest of us
Creativity always builds on the past
We build, not anew, but on top:
sometimes tearing at roots, often not
Free resource are crucial to innovation and creativity
Shared language, press, roads, power, phones,
published scientific theories....
e.g. Packet switching networks: no central controller
just connect and go, all packets treated equally
a neutrality that opens access to all
We are building more (digital) artifacts now than
at any time in the past.
How can we assure that the future can access the now?
Lawrence Lessig & the
Creative Commons
Lessig lobbies against current copyright law
But not against copyright law
False dicohotomy:
Patents/protection vs
Open source/no control
If the current copyright law
too restrictive
Write new licenses
Choosing a license
Simple interface
Two versions of
license
Human (short)
Legalese (v.long)
Roadmap
What is open source?
Where did it come from?
Why can't you ignore it?
Anthropologically: has been with us for centuries
Economics: too powerful to ignore
Legally: no future without it
Technical: unavoidable
So what social institutions will be adopted to handle it?
Technical
Can you make a resource available?
Yet keep it private at the same time?
Technically, maybe not
Stallman's empty passwords
Koza, data miners, electrical circuits
Bunny's hack of the X-box
Stallman's empty password
Stallman hacked the password control
of one system to tell users
I see you chose the password starfish. I suggest that you switch to the password carriage return. It's much easier to type and also it stands up to the principle that there should be no passwords.
At most, a fifth of the users on these machines switched to empty string passwords
Including Stallman
Koza's patent
learner
Repeated for 21 previously duplicated patents
Take a circuit design with a known I/O function
Fire off a genetic algorithm to reproduce the I/O, but using different circuitry
So, by describing something, you make it possible to break the patent.
Hacking the X-box
Andrew bunnie Huang
Reverse engineering intellectual property
Inducing business-model busting modifications to hardware
e.g turn an X-box into a cheap powerful x86 LINUX PC
And what is he doing now?
Conducting an experiment on making $$$ from open source business models
Founded Chumby Industries
Tension between privacy & availability
If it is accessible, then it can be pried open
By Stallman, Koza, bunny, etc etc etc
Surprising advantages to making
it open and available
More developers
More community
More profit!
So what about the sharp sticky things?
Sure, some things must be secured:
Guns need guns cabinets
We need social institutions to punish inappropriate access or abuse of digital resources.
But it's wrong to treat most
ideas like anthrax
Most of the digital material being locked away is:
Not radioactive
Not infectious
Not explosive
Companies need to realize
They have a choice how they use their scare intellectual resources
Ineffectal complex methods to lock up I.P.?
Or building new resources that attack larger markets?
So, can you ignore Open Source?
Anthropologically:
has been with us for centuries
Economics:
too powerful to ignore
Legally:
no future without it
Technical:
Unavoidable, for shared resources
So what social institutions will be adopted to handle it?
Click to edit the title
Click to edit the outline text format
Second Outline Level
Third Outline Level
Fourth Outline Level
Fifth Outline Level
Sixth Outline Level
Seventh Outline Level
Eighth Outline Level
Ninth Outline Level
Open source. Can you just ignore it?
Slide of 42