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Croatia Study Visit
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www.opencoesione.gov.it www.dps.tesoro.it/opencoesione
Open Data and the transparency of the lists of beneficiaries of EU Cohesion Policy in Europe!
Luigi Reggi!Department for Cohesion and Economic Development!!!Croatia Study Visit!March 7, 2013!!
Reco
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Open Data & Transparency EU rules and initiatives
.
E-government action plan 2011-2015 • Improvement of Transparency • Access to information on government laws
and regulations, policies and finance • Re-use of Public Sector Information
The Digital Agenda for Europe “Turning government data into gold”
Open Data & Transparency EU rules and initiatives
Re-use of Public Sector Information Directive (2003) A common legislative framework regulating how public sector bodies should make their information available for re-use in order to remove barriers such as discriminatory practices, monopoly markets and a lack of transparency. In December 2011, the Commission presented an Open Data Package: 1. A Communication on Open Data 2. A proposal for a revision of the Directive, which aims at opening
up the market for services based on public-sector information, by • including new bodies in the scope of application of the
Directive such as libraries (including university libraries), museums and archives;
• limiting the fees that can be charged by the public authorities at the marginal costs as a rule;
• introducing independent oversight over re-use rules in the Member States;
• making machine-readable formats for information held by public authorities the norm.
3. New Commission rules on re-use of the documents it holds
Open Data & Transparency EU rules and initiatives
Structural Funds Regulation 2007-13 Art. 7 Reg. 1828 8 dic 2006 “the managing authority shall be responsible for organising the publication, electronically or otherwise, of 1. the list of beneficiaries, 2. the names of the operations and 3. the amount of public funding allocated to the operations”
Open Data & Transparency EU rules and initiatives
European Transparency Initiative (2008) - Indicative table for setting the list of beneficiaries of EU Funding
A measure for Open Data quality
Open data and the “invisible
hand”
Public Value & Data divide
Government should only
publish data in open, machine-
readable formats
Government should consider different users needs (public
value) and provide also
easy-to-access data in
processed form (data divide) Brito, 2007
Robinson et al., 2009 Dawes and Helbig, 2010
Gurstein, 2011 Harrison et al, 2011
Relevant literature on open data policy!
A measure for Open Data quality
Source: Dawes, S: Stewardship and usefulness: Policy principles for information-based transparency. Government Information Quarterly 27, p. 381 (2010).
Stewardship principle includes the actions and policies addressed to data “care” and aiming to ensure information quality and detail, reduce the risk of misuse, and consequently increase users’ confidence in government information. Usefulness includes the creation of added value for citizens and enterprises and innovation promotion, thus understanding the actions aimed at making data more accessible to end-users.
Relevant literature on open data policy!
An evaluation on the transparency the lists of beneficiaries of EU Regional Policy
The goals
• To compare the performances of EU MS & Regions
• To explore the information-based strategies that European public agencies are pursuing when publishing their data on the web
EU Regional Policy
Common EU policy all EU 27 Countries are involved full comparability: same rules and regulations
Minimum set of information required by the Regulation (Reg. No. 1828/2006 of 8 December 2006, art. 7)
Multilevel governance Regional and/or National agencies are Managing Authorities of Operational Programmes
⇒ They are free to decide the
level of information disclosed in terms of detail, quality, access and visualization.
The background!
Data collection
• Web-based survey on availability and quality of the lists of beneficiaries of EU Regional Policy
• All EU Countries and Regions included
• 434 Operational Programmes reviewed [European Commission - DG Regional Policy database]
• Starting point: EC DG Regional Policy and DG Employment dedicated portals
• Three waves: Oct 2010, Oct 2011, Oct 2012
Methodology!
Data collection Starting points of the web-based analysis!
Stewardship variables
Category) Characteristics) ETI) Italy)Av.)%)
EU27)Av.)%)
Content) Final&Beneficiary&& Yes) 100) 97)) Project& Yes)) 100) 97)) Axis&& ) 65) 45)) Specific/Operat.&Objectives&& ) 52) 25)) Intervention&Line&& ) 25) 15)) Project&description& ) 12) 18)) Award&and&payment&dates&& Yes) 75) 70)) Project&start/end&dates& ) 2) 17)) Status&(active/completed)& ) 6) 19)Financial)Data) Financial&value&allocated&&
to&the&project&)
Yes))
100))
97)) Payments& Yes) 65) 43)) EU&coFfinancing&& ) 17) 37)) National&coFfinancing&(or&other)&& ) 10) 12)Downloadable)file)format))
PDF& ) 87) 64)DOC& ) 0) 1)
) HTML&(single&page)& ) 6) 6)) HTML&(multiple&pages)& ) 12) 23)) XLS& ) 8) 31)) CSV& ) 2) 1)) XML,&JSON& ) 0) 0)) RDF,&linked&data& ) 0) 0)Information)Quality))
Last&update&date& Yes) 88) 91)Update&frequency& ) 8) 19)
) Data&description& ) 12) 16)) Fields&description&in&another&language&& ) 4) 13)) Number&of&clicks&from&home&page&<&3& ) 25) 65)&
October 2011
Usefulness variables
Category) Characteristics) ETI) Italy)Av.)%)
EU27)Av.)%)
DB)consultation))through)masks))
Search'by'Fund'type'' ) 6) 29)Search'by'Project' ) 10) 27)
) Search'by'OP' ) 2) 31)) Search'by'Axis/Object./Action' ) 6) 17)) Search'by'Beneficiary' ) 10) 13)) Search'by'Resources' ) 2) 8)) Search'by'Territory/Area' ) 10) 19)) Search'by'Project'status'' ) 0) 7)
Advanced)Functions)
Georeferencing''through'maps' ) 0) 16)
) Visualisation'through'graphs'and'other'elaborations''
) 2) 17)
) Data'with'subEregional'detail' ) 29) 18)
'October 2011
Con
tent
(1/2
)
Content (2/2)
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ERDF-Italy
ERDF-EU Average
ESF Italy
ESF-EU Average Centralised Non-centralised
Fina
ncia
l dat
a (1
/2)
Financial data (2/2)
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'EOKFGLMPPGKQ# .QO#REOKFGLMPPGKQ#ERDF-Italy
ERDF-EU Average
ESF- Italy ESF-EU Average
Centralised Non-centralised
Info
rmat
ion
qual
ity (1
/2)
Information quality (2/2)
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8#9:;:# <=>#?@>#A:>#A:>#;@>#=B>#=<>#9A>#;@>#9<>#==>#;@>#=?>#9:>#;@>#;<>#9;># 9># ;@>#;@>#;@># :># ;B>#;@># <># :># :>#
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!DOKEFLMPPFKQ# 2QO#RDOKEFLMPPFKQ#ERDF- Italy
ERDF- EU Average
ESF-Italy ESF-EU Average
Centralised Non-centralised
Format (1/4)
Format' Score'(%)'
PDF$ 16.7$DOC$ 16.7$HTML$(multiple$pages)$ 16.7$HTML$(single$page)$ 33.3$XLS$ 50.0$CSV$ 66.7$XML,$JSON$ 83.3$Linked$data$model$supporting$format$(e.g.$RDF)$ 100.0$
$
A score is assigned that is directly proportional to the degree of openness and re-usability of the information provided. It takes into account whether the formats used are machine-readable, open or, at best, consistent with the linked data model.
Form
at (2
/4)
Format (3/4)
!"#
$!"#
%!"#
&!"#
'!"#
(!!"#
))# *+# ,-# ./# 01# 20# 34# .5# 3)# 06# 21# /)# *)# /1# 64# 7)# )3# 81# 74# 90# ,:# +5# ;1# 5<# =6# 0># 3/#
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)6#8DEFGHEI#$!((#
23,2% 30,2%
18,8% 23,1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
100%
FESR Italia FESR Media EU FSE Italia FSE Media EU
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,EKLFGMNOOGLP# 9PK#QEKLFGMNOOGLP#italy ERDF-Italy
ERDF-EU Average
ESF-Italy
ESF-EU Average Centralised Non-centralised
Format (4/4)
October 2012
Sear
ch fu
nctio
ns (1
/2)
Search functions (2/2)
!"# $%# &'# ()# **# +,# -*# -,# +.# /$# ")# 0$# &*# /%# ,%# (*# 1%# 23# 24# *-# '.# ,*# $"# $5# 6%# .7# -)#
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2EOKFGLMPPGKQ# 0QO#REOKFGLMPPGKQ#ERDF- Italy
ERDF- EU Average
ESF-Italy ESF-EU Average
Centralised Non-centralised
Adva
nced
func
tions
(1/2
)
Advanced functions (2/2)
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2DOKEFLMPPFKQ# /QO#RDOKEFLMPPFKQ#ERDF- Italy
ERDF- EU Average
ESF-Italy ESF-EU Average
Centralised Non-centralised
Three different publication strategies Factor analysis!
Three different publication strategies
-1.5 0 1.5 3.0 4.5
-3.0
-1.5
0
1.5
3.0
Dimension 1
PDFGeoreferencing
Research masks
Content
HTML
XLS / CSV
Financial Resources
Ease of search
Update and description
Dimension 2
Group 3Regulation-centred
Group 1Reuse-centred
Group 2User-centred
61%
21%
18%
Three different publication strategies
19% 14%
24% 14%
57% 73%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
ERDF ESF
Group 3- Regulation-centred Group 2-User-centred Group 1 - Reuse-centred
28% 11% 8%
20% 21% 27%
52% 67% 61%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
CONV RCE Cooperation
Group 3- Regulation-centred Group 2-User-centred Group 1 - Reuse-centred
Three different publication strategies
57% 44%
60%
41% 89%
12%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Decentralised Centralised
Group 3- Regulation-centred Group 2-User-centred Group 1 - Reuse-centred
7%
54% 19%
23% 74%
22%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
EU15 NEW MSs
Group 3- Regulation-centred Group 2-User-centred Group 1 - Reuse-centred
Towards the new Regulation EU rules and initiatives
Art. 105 General Regulation (EC proposal) Machine-readable format: CSV, XML single national website or portal Mandatory data fields include • Beneficiary name (only legal entities; no natural persons shall be named); • Operation name; Operation summary; • Operation start date & Operation end date (expected date for physical completion or full implementation of the operation); • Total eligible expenditure allocated to the operation; • EU co-financing rate (as per priority axis); • Operation postcode; • Name of category of intervention for the operation; • Date of last update of the list of operations. • The headings of the data fields and the names of the operations shall be also provided in at least one other official language of the European Union.
Towards the new Regulation EU27 2007-2013 OPs average level of compliance with the requirements set by the Regulation for 2014-2020 !
The path to a balanced approach
Usefulness
Stew
ards
hip
Closed data
Data quality approach FOCUSED ON
raw data, advanced user, mash-up apps
Data visualization
approach FOCUSED ON
processed data, non technically-oriented
citizens
Open, hi-quality,
useful and accessible
data
Re-‐user centered
User centered
Regula<on centered
Some examples….
Usefulness
Stew
ards
hip
Re-‐user centered
User centered
Regula<on centered
DE
UK
ES
GR
BG EE
NL
DK
HU
IT
PL FR
Open questions
• How will these three different strategies evolve over time? • How do information management issues influence openness
and transparency (e.g. centralization / decentralization)? • What are the determinants of openness and transparency?
For example: • Regional context (size, innovation, ICT diffusion, etc.) • Transparency and Democracy indicators • Economic variables (amount of funding, FEIs vs. grants..)
• How to compare the performance of EU27 Regions and Member States? Composite indicator