AfricaAfrica

Africa – Unit 8Africa – Unit 8 Explain problems faced after Explain problems faced after

independence by countries, such as independence by countries, such as Kenya and Nigeria.Kenya and Nigeria.

Experience of South Africa – Read p. Experience of South Africa – Read p. 560 - 563560 - 563

Origins and ending of Apartheid Origins and ending of Apartheid (p.516 and p.562)(p.516 and p.562)

Nelson Mandela (p.561)Nelson Mandela (p.561) F. W. de Klerk (p.562)F. W. de Klerk (p.562)

Repeated civil war in Africa – RwandaRepeated civil war in Africa – Rwanda--Democratic Republic of the Congo (ZaireDemocratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) - ) - Following the Following the First Congo War which led to the overthrow of First Congo War which led to the overthrow of Mobutu in 1997, the country was renamed Mobutu in 1997, the country was renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo. From 1998 to Democratic Republic of the Congo. From 1998 to 2003, the country suffered greatly from the 2003, the country suffered greatly from the devastating Second Congo War (sometimes devastating Second Congo War (sometimes referred to as the African World War),[5] the referred to as the African World War),[5] the world's deadliest conflict since World War II. world's deadliest conflict since World War II. However, related fighting still continues in the However, related fighting still continues in the east of the country. east of the country.

Rwanda and ConflictsRwanda and Conflicts

Zaire (1971 – 1997)Zaire (1971 – 1997)

RwandaRwanda

Problems created by governmental Problems created by governmental corruption.corruption.

AfricaAfrica Look at the Look at the

location of the location of the various countries various countries in Africa.in Africa.

Ethiopia- The Ethiopia- The oldest human oldest human fossils came from fossils came from Hadar, Ethiopia. Hadar, Ethiopia.

Africa is 3x the Africa is 3x the size of the United size of the United States.States.

Before Pangaea Before Pangaea separated around separated around 225 million years 225 million years ago, Africa was ago, Africa was the center of the center of Earth’s only Earth’s only continent.continent.

PlacePlace (What makes Africa different from (What makes Africa different from

other places?)other places?)

What types of climate does Africa What types of climate does Africa have?have?

What types of physical features are What types of physical features are there in Africa?there in Africa?

Physical Physical Features Features of Africaof AfricaAtlas Mountains

Sahara Desert

SahelKalahari Desert

Namib Desert

Great Rift Valley

SahelSahel Semiarid Region, which is south of Semiarid Region, which is south of

the Sahara.the Sahara.

SavannasSavannas Can be found in the semiarid and Can be found in the semiarid and

tropical areas.tropical areas. Are flat grasslands with scattered Are flat grasslands with scattered

trees and shrubs.trees and shrubs.

What are the major physical

features of Africa?

Namib DesertNamib Desert

Stretching 1,200 miles in length, but averaging a width of only 70 miles, the

Namib Desert is home to the highest sand dunes in the world. Nicknamed the

world’s oldest desert.

Drakensberg MountainsDrakensberg Mountains

The Drakensberg (The Drakensberg (AfrikaansAfrikaans: "Dragon's Mountain") : "Dragon's Mountain") mountainsmountains are are the highest in the highest in Southern AfricaSouthern Africa, rising up at Thabana Ntlenyana to , rising up at Thabana Ntlenyana to 3,482 m (11,422 ft) in height. In 3,482 m (11,422 ft) in height. In ZuluZulu, they are referred to as , they are referred to as uKhahlambauKhahlamba ("barrier of spears"), and in ("barrier of spears"), and in SesothoSesotho as as MalutiMaluti (also (also spelled spelled MalotiMaloti ). ).

They are located in the eastern part of South Africa, running for They are located in the eastern part of South Africa, running for some 1,000 km (600 mi) generally southwest to northeast, with some 1,000 km (600 mi) generally southwest to northeast, with a northwesterly bend forming the northeastern border of a northwesterly bend forming the northeastern border of LesothoLesotho with South Africa. with South Africa.

Mount KilimanjaroMount Kilimanjaro Mount Kilimanjaro is the Mount Kilimanjaro is the

tallest mountain in Africa.tallest mountain in Africa. KilimanjaroKilimanjaro with its three with its three

volcanic cones, volcanic cones, KiboKibo, , MawensiMawensi, and , and ShiraShira, is an , is an inactive inactive stratovolcanostratovolcano in in north-eastern north-eastern TanzaniaTanzania. . Although it does not have Although it does not have the the highest elevationhighest elevation, , Kilimanjaro is the tallest Kilimanjaro is the tallest free-standing mountain risefree-standing mountain rise[1][1] in the world, in the world,[2][2] rising rising 4,600 m (15,100 ft) from its 4,600 m (15,100 ft) from its base, and includes the base, and includes the highest peakhighest peak in in AfricaAfrica at at 5,895 meters (19,340 ft), 5,895 meters (19,340 ft), providing a dramatic view providing a dramatic view from the surrounding plains.from the surrounding plains.

Ethiopian HighlandsEthiopian Highlands

The The Ethiopian HighlandsEthiopian Highlands are a rugged mass are a rugged mass of mountains in of mountains in EthiopiaEthiopia, , EritreaEritrea (which is (which is sometimes referred to as the sometimes referred to as the Eritrean HighlandsEritrean Highlands), and northern ), and northern SomaliaSomalia ( (SomalilandSomaliland) in northeastern ) in northeastern AfricaAfrica. The . The Ethiopian Highlands form the largest Ethiopian Highlands form the largest continuous area of its altitude in the whole continuous area of its altitude in the whole continent, with little of its surface falling continent, with little of its surface falling below 1500 m (5000 ft), while the summits below 1500 m (5000 ft), while the summits reach heights of 4600 m to 4900 m (15,000 to reach heights of 4600 m to 4900 m (15,000 to 16,000 ft). It is sometimes called the 16,000 ft). It is sometimes called the Roof of Roof of AfricaAfrica for its height and large area it covers. for its height and large area it covers.[1][1]

Ethiopian HighlandsEthiopian Highlands

Nile RiverNiger River

Congo RiverLake Victoria

Lake Tanganyika

Lake Nyasa

Major rivers and lakesMajor rivers and lakes

Zambezi River

Are you able to locate the countries Are you able to locate the countries of Africa?of Africa?

South AfricaSouth Africa ZimbabweZimbabwe TanzaniaTanzania RwandaRwanda MozambiqueMozambique Democratic Republic Democratic Republic

of the Congoof the Congo GhanaGhana Mali (p.504)Mali (p.504)

MauritaniaMauritania Sierra LeoneSierra Leone SudanSudan EgyptEgypt EthiopiaEthiopia LibyaLibya KenyaKenya ChadChad

Fill in the Fill in the Correct Correct

Countries.Countries. Nile River

South Africa

Z

Tanzania

Dem. Rep. of Congo

R

South Africa South Africa Zimbabwe Zimbabwe (Z)(Z)TanzaniaTanzaniaRwanda (R)Rwanda (R)Mozambique Mozambique (M)(M)Democratic Democratic Republic of Republic of the Congothe CongoGhana (G)Ghana (G)Mali (p.504) Mali (p.504) M

G

Mali

MauritaniaMauritania Sierra Leone Sierra Leone

(SL)(SL) SudanSudan EgyptEgypt EthiopiaEthiopia LibyaLibya KenyaKenya ChadChad

Mauritania

Egypt

SL

Kenya

Ethiopia

Sudan

Libya

Chad

AfricaAfrica

Literary and MusicLiterary and Music Wole Soyinka of Nigeria p. 538Wole Soyinka of Nigeria p. 538

Naguib Mafuz, Egypt - Naguib Mafuz, Egypt - Najib Mahfuz (born Najib Mahfuz (born 1912) was Egypt's foremost novelist and 1912) was Egypt's foremost novelist and the first Arab to win the Nobel Prize in the first Arab to win the Nobel Prize in literatureliterature. He had wide influence in the . He had wide influence in the Arab world and was the author from that Arab world and was the author from that area best known to the West in the latter area best known to the West in the latter half of the 20th century.half of the 20th century.

Najib Mahfuz was born in the popular quarter Najib Mahfuz was born in the popular quarter Hayy Al-Jamaliyya in Cairo, Egypt, on December Hayy Al-Jamaliyya in Cairo, Egypt, on December 12, 1912, to a middle-class merchant family. 12, 1912, to a middle-class merchant family. During his high school years he began to read the During his high school years he began to read the Arabic classics as well as the Western ones that Arabic classics as well as the Western ones that he could find in translation. He proceeded to he could find in translation. He proceeded to major in philosophy at Cairo major in philosophy at Cairo UniversityUniversity, and after , and after graduating in 1934 he worked his way up the graduating in 1934 he worked his way up the bureaucracy as a civil servant. He continued to bureaucracy as a civil servant. He continued to work until he retired as director of the Cinema work until he retired as director of the Cinema Organization, after which he worked as a Organization, after which he worked as a consultant to several governmental cultural consultant to several governmental cultural organizations. He was a frequent contributor to organizations. He was a frequent contributor to the daily newspaper Al-Ahram, where most of his the daily newspaper Al-Ahram, where most of his writings appeared in serial form before being writings appeared in serial form before being published in book form. Mahfuz was married and published in book form. Mahfuz was married and the father of two daughters.the father of two daughters.

Nadin Gordimer, South AfricaNadin Gordimer, South Africa Biography Biography Born in Springs, South Africa, Born in Springs, South Africa,

20/11/1923. Daughter of Isidore and 20/11/1923. Daughter of Isidore and Nan Gordimer. Has lived all her life, Nan Gordimer. Has lived all her life, and continues to live, in South Africa.and continues to live, in South Africa.

Principal works: 10 novels, including Principal works: 10 novels, including A Guest of HonourA Guest of Honour, , The The ConservationistConservationist, , Burger's DaughterBurger's Daughter, , July's PeopleJuly's People, , A Sport of NatureA Sport of Nature, , My My Son's StorySon's Story and her most recent, and her most recent, None to Accompany MeNone to Accompany Me..

10 short story collections, the most recent 10 short story collections, the most recent JumpJump, published , published 1991, and 1991, and Why Haven't You Written: Selected Stories 1950-Why Haven't You Written: Selected Stories 1950-19721972, published 1992., published 1992.

Non-fiction: Non-fiction: The Essential GestureThe Essential Gesture; ; On the MinesOn the Mines; ; The Black The Black InterpretersInterpreters..

Among honorary degrees: from Yale, Harvard, Columbia, Among honorary degrees: from Yale, Harvard, Columbia, New School for Social Research, USA; University of Leuven, New School for Social Research, USA; University of Leuven, Belgium, University of York (England), Universities of Cape Belgium, University of York (England), Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand (South Africa), Cambridge Town and the Witwatersrand (South Africa), Cambridge University (England).University (England).

Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des LettresCommandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France). (France).   

Artistic Artistic Music forms of people in the region, p.539Music forms of people in the region, p.539

Vice-President of International PEN.Vice-President of International PEN. From From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1991-Nobel Lectures, Literature 1991-

19951995, Editor Sture Allén, World Scientific , Editor Sture Allén, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1997 Publishing Co., Singapore, 1997

This autobiography/biography was first This autobiography/biography was first published in the book series published in the book series Les Prix Les Prix NobelNobel. It was later edited and republished . It was later edited and republished in in Nobel LecturesNobel Lectures. To cite this document, . To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.always state the source as shown above.

Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1991 Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1991

Unit 9Unit 9 Impact of Government Policies and Impact of Government Policies and

Individual Behaviors on African Individual Behaviors on African Environments.Environments.

How pollution affected Kenya, Egypt, How pollution affected Kenya, Egypt, South AfricaSouth Africa

Impact of the extraction of natural Impact of the extraction of natural resources on the environments of Kenya, resources on the environments of Kenya, Chad, and Nigeria (p. 538).Chad, and Nigeria (p. 538).

Explain importance of water as a natural Explain importance of water as a natural resource in Egypt, Sudan, Mali, and Chad.resource in Egypt, Sudan, Mali, and Chad.

Unit 9 – page 2Unit 9 – page 2 Improvement of African environment Improvement of African environment KenyaKenya South AfricaSouth Africa MaliMali

DeforestationDeforestation Desertification defined as farmland turns Desertification defined as farmland turns

to sand. (p.497)to sand. (p.497)– Cote d’IvoireCote d’Ivoire– KenyaKenya– BotswanaBotswana

Impact physical featuresImpact physical features– DesertsDeserts– MountainsMountains– RiversRivers– Proximity to oceanProximity to ocean– Affect/effect it has on EthiopiaAffect/effect it has on Ethiopia– SudanSudan– MoroccoMorocco

Describe factors which influence economic Describe factors which influence economic growth and examine their presence or growth and examine their presence or absence in such African countries.absence in such African countries.– ChadChad– South AfricaSouth Africa– Nigeria (Natural Resources – rubber, cacao, Nigeria (Natural Resources – rubber, cacao,

peanuts, rich deposits of oil (main export), peanuts, rich deposits of oil (main export), palm oil plantations, and natural gas)palm oil plantations, and natural gas)

– KenyaKenya

Importance of investment in human capital Importance of investment in human capital – HealthHealth– EducationEducation– Training of peopleTraining of people

Describe how factors of political stabilityDescribe how factors of political stability– EducationEducation– Health issues inhibit or enhance investment Health issues inhibit or enhance investment

African peopleAfrican people– Capital Goods (Defined as factories, Capital Goods (Defined as factories,

machinery, and new technology)machinery, and new technology)

Describe how natural resources Describe how natural resources (land, air, water, minerals, time, and (land, air, water, minerals, time, and other gifts of nature) have affected other gifts of nature) have affected economic development. (p.501)economic development. (p.501)

Role of the entrepreneurs who take Role of the entrepreneurs who take risks of organizing productive risks of organizing productive resources.resources.

Religion, Customs, and TraditionsReligion, Customs, and Traditions

ArabArab AshantiAshanti BedouinBedouin KhoikhoiKhoikhoi SanSan IboIbo SwahiliSwahili(p.503)(p.503)

Literacy RateLiteracy Rate SudanSudan South AfricaSouth Africa EgyptEgypt

Major Literary ArtistsMajor Literary Artists Wole Soyinka of Nigeria p. 538Wole Soyinka of Nigeria p. 538 Naguib Mafuz, EgyptNaguib Mafuz, Egypt Nadin Gordimer, South AfricaNadin Gordimer, South Africa

Modern Governments of AfricaModern Governments of Africa Structure of national governments Structure of national governments

(p.538)(Type of Governments, Form (p.538)(Type of Governments, Form of Leadership, Form of Legislature, of Leadership, Form of Legislature, and Role of Citizen)and Role of Citizen)– Modern nations of MoroccoModern nations of Morocco– KenyaKenya– LibyaLibya– South AfricaSouth Africa

Voluntary Benefit Buyers and Voluntary Benefit Buyers and SellersSellers

Trade BarriersTrade Barriers– SaharaSahara– Tropical RainforestTropical Rainforest

Unit 10Unit 10 Development of African empires Development of African empires

including Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and including Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Ethiopia.Ethiopia.

Importance of cities asImportance of cities as– Timbuktu (center for learning)Timbuktu (center for learning)– Djenne (oldest city of Africa)Djenne (oldest city of Africa)– Zanzibar (center of commerce)Zanzibar (center of commerce)Significance of Sundiata, Mansa Musa, Significance of Sundiata, Mansa Musa,

Zara YakobZara Yakob

Reasons for African IndependenceReasons for African Independence

Explain origins of slave trade in Explain origins of slave trade in AfricaAfrica

Describe trade routesDescribe trade routes Development of European empires in Development of European empires in

AfricanAfrican Reasons for colonization and Reasons for colonization and

partitioning of Africapartitioning of Africa Approach to empire by Great Britain, Approach to empire by Great Britain,

France, and BelgiumFrance, and Belgium

Nationalist movements in colonial Nationalist movements in colonial AfricaAfrica– KenyaKenya– NigeriaNigeria– GhanaGhana– Belgian CongoBelgian Congo

Analyze the impact of colonial period on Analyze the impact of colonial period on the development of Africathe development of Africa

EconomicsEconomics Distribution of Natural ResourcesDistribution of Natural Resources

– How it affected Chad, Sudan, and South How it affected Chad, Sudan, and South AfricaAfrica

– Effect the Sahara, Sahel, Savannah, and Effect the Sahara, Sahel, Savannah, and tropical rain forest.tropical rain forest.

– Where people liveWhere people live– Type of work they doType of work they do– TransportationTransportation

Voluntary trade benefits buyers and Voluntary trade benefits buyers and sellers in Africa. (p.504, 546 and 538)sellers in Africa. (p.504, 546 and 538)– Analyze the development of voluntary Analyze the development of voluntary

tradetrade– trans-Saharan tradetrans-Saharan trade– Middle East and Asian trade routesMiddle East and Asian trade routes– International trade requires a system of International trade requires a system of

exchanging currency betweenexchanging currency betweenEgypt/PoundEgypt/PoundSouth Africa/RandSouth Africa/RandNigeria/NairaNigeria/NairaChad/CFA FrancChad/CFA Franc

Function and purpose of SADC Function and purpose of SADC (Southern African Development (Southern African Development Community)Community)

Economic Community of West African Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)States (ECOWAS)– ECOWAS started 1975 worked to improve ECOWAS started 1975 worked to improve

trade within Western African and with trade within Western African and with countries outside the region. ECOWAS countries outside the region. ECOWAS also has mediated disputed between also has mediated disputed between countries in Western Africa and tried to countries in Western Africa and tried to end government corruption.end government corruption.

Cultural CharacteristicsCultural Characteristics Trace the spread of the Bantu peoples (p.503) – Trace the spread of the Bantu peoples (p.503) –

The Bantu people lived in what is not Cameroon The Bantu people lived in what is not Cameroon around 5000 years ago. They began moving to around 5000 years ago. They began moving to other parts of Africa around 1000 B.C. They other parts of Africa around 1000 B.C. They needed more land because of population growth. needed more land because of population growth. For about 2,000 years, the Bantus gradually For about 2,000 years, the Bantus gradually spread across continents. Bantus eventually spread across continents. Bantus eventually intermarried with the Pygmies. They use the intermarried with the Pygmies. They use the Swahili, Zulu and Bantu languages.Swahili, Zulu and Bantu languages.

Impact this had on AfricaImpact this had on Africa Examples of voluntary trade benefits buyers and Examples of voluntary trade benefits buyers and

sellers in Africa over time p.504 sellers in Africa over time p.504

Unit 11Unit 11 Personal Money Management Personal Money Management

ChoicesChoices– IncomeIncome– SpendingSpending– CreditCredit– SavingSaving– InvestingInvesting