Cloud Security 101presented at OHM2013

“what would General Eisenhower say about PRISM”

Dr. Peter HJ van Eijk@petersgriddle

Cloud Security: an oxymoron?

The knee-jerk reaction of a lot of people when they first hear about cloud is:– “The PATRIOT act/PRISM allows the US

government/YFTLA * to see everything that (I do/everything my company does)on the internet”

– “Therefore, the cloud is evil”– “Besides: cloud computing is marketing hype.”

Is YFTLA ruining your internet?Whose internet is it anyway?

*) Your favorite three letter agency

This talk’s roadmap

• Who am I? Who are you?• Security and power in a historical context• The Cloud: hype or reality?• Basic cloud security concepts and methods• Wrap up

Who am I?

• One of the world’s most experienced independent cloud trainers.

• Developing and delivering cloud training such as CCSK, Cloud Essentials and Cloud Governance worldwide.

• Work history: University of Twente, AT&T Bell Labs 07974, EDS, Eunet, Deloitte, independent

• See www.clubcloudcomputing.com for more information and https://ohm2013.org/wiki/User:Petersgriddle

Who are you at OHM2013?

• You are probably professionally involved in IT or IT security

• You might work at or for corporate IT or with cloud providers

• Or maybe for a three-letter agency• You might be a senior developer, sysadmin,

risk manager, consultant or auditor

LET’S TALK A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY

Dwight D. Eisenhower

• 5-star general US army• Supreme commander of

Allied Forces in Europe WW2.• Responsible for D-day ‘the

longest day’ invasion of Normandy June 1944

• 1st Supreme Allied Commander Europe (NATO)

• 34th president of the USA (1953-1961)

• Instituted NASA and DARPA

Dwight D Eisenhower warns in 1961

• On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office.[204] In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that

"we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex." He said, "we recognize the imperative need for this development ... the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will

persist ... Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together."

2013 update: g/the Cold War/s//Terrorism/

“we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted

influence, whether sought or unsought, by the

military–industrial complex”

DARPA: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agencies

• Part of the military-industrial complex• Established 1958 under Eisenhower• Funds a significant part of all US Information

Technology research.• Set up ARPAnet in 1969, which we now know

as the Internet

• Arguably the most important founding (grand)father of “the cloud”

Who is who?

• The internet is a product of the military-industrial complex.

• Who is part of this complex?– HP, Cisco, AT&T, IBM, Microsoft, most US universities and

research agencies, etc.– Most of Silicon Valley– The security industry ….

• That includes you, probably.

Whose side are you on?

• Friend or Foe?• Black hat or white hat?• Cat or mouse?• Inventor or user?

• You decide …

Personal opinion and story

• I believe there is a role for regulation and governments in the way we collectively handle data.

• I don’t believe that uncontrolled access to data is healthy, neither by governments or other organizations

• “A car with your name on it is used for an armed robbery” <- this and similar things have happened to me.

WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING AND WHY ARE PEOPLE USING IT?

Cloud computing is a type of IT outsourcing

See NIST definitions on http://www.nist.gov/itl/cloud/

NIST: Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources […]. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics • On-demand self-service• Broad network access,• Resource pooling• Rapid elasticity• Measured Service (pay as you go)

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Colloquial: Your data on somebody else’s hard disk.

On-demand self service

Broad network access

Resource pooling

Rapidelasticity

Measuredservice

The consumer can unilaterally decide to change his resource consumption, i.e. through a website, potentially programmatically

No human intervention at provider necessary

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On-demand self service

Broad network access

Resource pooling

Rapidelasticity

Measuredservice

The service is accessible•through a variety of networks•by a variety of devices: PC, server, mobile

The network is a given

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On-demand self service

Broad network access

Resource pooling

Rapidelasticity

Measuredservice

The resources are pooled to serve a number of independent users. This is also called ‘multi-tenancy’.

Resources will be allocated dynamically.

Resources could be •Processor capacity•Storage•Memory•Bandwidth

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On-demand self service

Broad network access

Resource pooling

Rapidelasticity

Measuredservice

The resources can be scaled up and down quickly.

This is done without provider intervention, through the on-demand self service.

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On-demand self service

Broad network access

Resource pooling

Rapidelasticity

Measuredservice

The consumption of the resource is measured in a meaningful way, e.g. memory, processor capacity, user counts.

This usage can be the basis for the billing of the consumer.

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http://infoonsoftwaretesting.blogspot.com/

Software as a Service

Platform as a Service

Infrastructure as a Service

Not all clouds are created equal: three ‘service models’

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Platform as a Service: e.g. social mediaintegration

Web API / PaaS connection

GET http://api.twitter.com/1/statuses/user_timeline.json?screen_name=petersgriddle22

Who is hosting my website, really?Integration happens client side

* Source: Gomez 2010

In November 2010, 30% of web transactions used an Amazon EC2 object

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Companies are flocking to the cloud because of the business benefits they experience or

expect

Business benefitGeneric IT outsourcing

benefits +• Collaboration• Speed of deployment• Fast scale up and down• Low initial cost• Low capital cost• Easier integration• Wider user base• …

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On-demand self service

Broad network access

Resource pooling

Rapidelasticity

Measuredservice

IT is outgrowing the capability of organizations to manage IT

• IT is still one of the fastest growing and innovative technologies, 50 years and counting

• From 1:20 to 1:1000 productivity.– i.e. servers, workplaces, network connections

• Do you think that Joe R. SME can run secure IT in his closet? Really. What are you smoking?

It is ‘cloud’ when the consumer experiences it as ‘cloud’.

The cloud is *BIG*.

Amazon, Google and Microsoft have 200K-2M+ servers, each. (conservatively)

Akamai runs 10-20% of total Internet traffic.

Disruptive Innovations

Characteristics• Much cheaper• Not as good (initially)• Rapidly improving• Eventually drives original

out of the market• Addresses ‘over served’

clients

Examples• Mass manufacturing• PC• Internet• Wikipedia• Cloud Computing

29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation

•Up to date content•Lower cost

Editorial content

‘Social’ content

Dutch Olympic committee

Content hosted at Flickr, Twitter and Youtube

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Dutch Olympic committee website

• Challenge: The Dutch Olympic committee had a traditionally hosted website for the Beijing games in 2008, running up a bill of more than 150.000 euro.

• Approach: For the Vancouver games they totally changed the concept. The website became a single page, hosted in the cloud. This page then pulls in social media content that is hashtagged #os2010.

• It is displayed on two panes. The top one, whitelisted by author name, is the editorial content. The rest is social media content. Run cost for the new website: a few hundred euro per month.

Oxfam: flexible capacity

• Type of organization: charity, relief aid

• # IT staff: ~200

• Challenge: inconsistent infrastructure, no scalability for seasonal or exceptional (i.e. natural disasters) demand patterns

• Approach: IBM private cloud (IaaS)

• http://www.businesscloudnews.com/applications/789-oxfam-cio-cloud-is-a-philosophical-challenge.html

KLM: dispersed workforce

• Type of organization: Airline• Challenge: dispersed workforce, multilingual,

multiple devices to work on• Solution: SaaS. Google Apps Premier Edition

for more than 10.000 crew members

• http://googleenterprise.blogspot.nl/2010/02/flying-into-cloud.html

Canadian Pacific: flexible deployment

• Type of organization: Railroad• Challenge

– “…lead times to get new infrastructure for development, for test, for experimentation purposes as well as production purposes,” said Stuart Charlton, executive IT advisor at CP.

• Approach: IaaS private cloud plus Amazon;– IBM WebSphere eXtreme Scale for developing distributed

software• http://www.itworldcanada.com/news/canadian-pacific-gets-a

gile-with-hybrid-cloud/145408

Commonwealth of Virginia:Community SaaS

• Type of organization: Public Government• Challenge: procurement process spread over 171

agencies, most having their own IT systems, controlling $3B procurement

• Approach: Community SaaS procurement system (Ariba)

• http://cloud2slg.techamericafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/group-documents/3/1328666319-Final2_Commonwealth_of_VA_ProcurementCaseStudy.pdf

CLOUD SECURITY AND RISK CONCEPTS

Cloud is the same, but different

• Like Websites/web technology – Technical risk

• but different– Scalability and elasticity much higher

• Like outsourcing– Third party risk

• but different– Speed of control and failure is much higher– Chains of providers– More sharing

• Virtualization– But taken to much higher levels of automation

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Cloud computing implies massive sharing and scaling

Consolidation risk– Performance– Capacity management– Multi-tenancy leakage– More ‘collateral damage’ of legal action – Bigger impact of failures– More interesting target for cybercrime

You cannot manage this risk on a yearly or even monthly basis

See Animoto autoscaling (next slide)

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Animoto, EC2 and RightScale

Num

ber o

f ser

vers

Launch of Facebook modification

Peak of 4700 instances

4/14/2008 4/15/2008 4/16/2008 4/18/2008 4/19/2008 4/20/20084/17/20084/13/2008

Using RightScale, Animoto automatically scaled to handle a dramatic load to their application

Inside scoop at http://blog.rightscale.com/2008/04/23/animoto-facebook-scale-up/40

Cloud Computing differs from traditional outsourcing

• Contracts much more flexible/volatile• More sharing of resources across customers• Little influence from customer• More players and layers involved• More legal implications

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Cloud brings new technology

• Multitenancy– VMs, storage, databases, application code

• Federated Identity Management– OpenID, Oauth, SAML

This tends to be a tough challenge for •Software publishers moving to a SaaS model and•Hosting companies moving to an IaaS model

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Compliance is harder in the cloud• More moving parts• More regulation

– E-DPD, PCI-DSS, HIPAA, Sox, Ediscovery, Netneutrality, privacy, etc, etc, etc

• More risk exposure– The world is our playfield– Cybercrime– TLAs

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Cloud Security Alliance

The Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) is an industry consortium, volunteer based, open.

• Sample products– CCSK (Certificate of Cloud Security Knowledge)

• CSA guidance, ENISA study

– Clouds Controls Matrix– STAR registry

• Disclosure: I am a certified CCSK trainer, and Dutch chapter board member.

Similar/complementary efforts underway at ISO, ISACA, etc.

CCSK Course Structure

1 Intro to Cloud Computing

•NIST definitions:•Essential characteristics•Service models•Deployment models

2 Infrastructure Security for Cloud

•Securing base infrastructure•Management plane security•Securing Virtual Hosts and Networks•IaaS, PaaS, SaaS security

3 Managing Cloud Security and Risk

•Risk and Governance•Legal and Compliance•Audit•Portability and interoperability•Incident response and more

4 Data Security for Cloud

•Cloud Data Architectures•Data Security Lifecycle•Information Governance•Data security and Encryption•Data Loss prevention

5 Securing Cloud Applications and

Users

•Application Security•Identity and Access management

6 Selecting Cloud Services•What to look for in a cloud provider•Security as a Service

Infrastructure security

• No longer sufficient• Still required, with additional surface to

protect (hypervisor, management plane)• More opportunity for fine grained and elastic

controls, especially through automation

Data security

• A blanket (perimeter) approach to data security fails

• The data that matters to you might not be in your datacenter to begin with

• Lifecycle model allows more precise controls to be applied

• Encryption can be applied on multiple levels.

Application security

• Web security++ (OWASP on steroids)• Application lifecycle model allows more fine-

grained controls to be applied

User security

• Federated ID-management allows decoupling of Identity Providers and Relying Parties

• Can reduce the need for credential sprawl and leakage

Security as a Service

• The cloud can be a source of security solutions• E.g. spam filtering, web filtering, management

dashboards, DDOS protection.

MANAGING CLOUD SECURITY

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How does professional security and risk management work?

• Risk based: professional risk management prioritizes the most important risks– No superfluous or useless measures and controls

• Professional risk management incorporates audit and compliance obligations– Anchor in operational process, instead of running a

troublesome project for each audit• Professional risk management is repeatable and

scalable– Champagne? Really? Did you expect the audit to be a one

time effort?

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Control frameworks

• Cloud security alliance: Cloud Control Matrix• ISACA : Cobit, mostly cost/value based• ISO: ISO 27001 Information Security

Management Systems• CloudControls.org: Dutch initiative (CloudVPS,

KPMG)• ISO: ISO 20000 Not security but relevant as a

service management and governance framework

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Cloud Security AllianceCloud Control Matrix

• CSA: dominant industry coalition• Cloud Controls Matrix version 1.3

– soon to be v3.0• CCM features:

– 11 control areas, 98 controls– Selectable by S-P-I, Provider/Tenant– Cross referenced to COBIT, ISO, HIPPAA, PCI-DSS

etc.

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New controls• 3rd and 4th party management• Contracts• SLA• Identity and Access Management (IAM)• Escrow

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The future of cloud GRC

• Collaborative effort between provider and consumer

• Continuous audit• As automated as possible• Integrated GRC: risk management in the

widest sense of the word drives governance– Compliance is a collateral benefit– Maturity level of organization rises

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CCM (Cloud Control Matrix), CAIQ (Consensus Assessments Initiative Questionnaire), Cloud Audit and CTP (Cloud Trust Protocol) are products maintained by CSA (Cloud Security Alliance).

Cloud compliance in real-timeGRC stack component

Example element

CCM CO-02: Independent reviews and assessments shall be performed at least annually […]

CAIQ CO-02.3: Do you conduct regular application penetration tests of your cloud infrastructure as prescribed by industry best practices and guidance?

Cloud Audit http://mycloudprovider.com/cloudaudit/org/cloudsecurityalliance/guidance/CO-02

CTP "It is 11 pm, do you know in which geography your virtual machines are running?"

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The CAIQ Questionnaire

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Sample Questions to VendorsCompliance - Independent Audits

CO-02CO-02a - Do you allow tenants to view your SAS70 Type II/SSAE 16 SOC2/ISAE3402 or similar third party audit reports?CO-02b - Do you conduct network penetration tests of your cloud service infrastructure regularly as prescribed by industry best practices and guidance? CO-02c - Do you conduct application penetration tests of your cloud service infrastructure regularly as prescribed by industry best practices and guidance? CO-02d - Do you conduct internal audits regularly as prescribed by industry best practices and guidance? CO-02e - Do you conduct external audits regularly as prescribed by industry best practices and guidance? CO-02f - Are the results of the network penetration tests available to tenants at their request? CO-02g - Are the results of internal and external audits available to tenants at their request?

Data Governance - Classification

DG-02DG-02a - Do you provide a capability to identify virtual machines via policy tags/metadata (ex. Tags can be used to limit guest operating systems from booting/instantiating/transporting data in the wrong country, etc.?)DG-02b - Do you provide a capability to identify hardware via policy tags/metadata/hardware tags (ex. TXT/TPM, VN-Tag, etc.)?DG-02c - Do you have a capability to use system geographic location as an authentication factor? DG-02d - Can you provide the physical location/geography of storage of a tenant’s data upon request?DG-02e - Do you allow tenants to define acceptable geographical locations for data routing or resource instantiation?

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CSA star

Security, Trust and Assurance Registry (STAR)• Cloud Security Alliance initiative• An online clearinghouse where cloud providers

can submit documentation detailing their security controls for review by potential customers, indexed by CAIQ reference

• 22 participating providers, including Amazon Web services, Microsoft Azure.

• www.cloudsecurityalliance/star 60

Patriot act !?• In the context of cloud computing,

the Patriot act hardly adds anything to the power that the US federal government already has in accessing digital assets worldwide.

• Other governments have similar, or even more extensive powers.

• Competitive advantage based on not having infrastructure on US territory is speculative, at best.

The Sting, Paul Newman to Robert Redford: “If this goes wrong, the Feds will be the least of our problems.”61

WRAP UP

The big Cloud Firewall

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• It is a new world out there, and it has only just begun

• Cloud computing is inevitable• New security issues *and* controls exist• You can be an ‘alert and knowledgeable

citizen’ and ‘security and liberty may prosper together.’

• If you apply your own moral compass

Thank you!

More info?www.clubcloudcomputing.com

and search for CCSK