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5G Highlights
• 5G Technology Workshop Potential Technology for 3GPP Rel-15
• Kaohsiung, Taiwan - 15 October 2016
• Benoist Sébire, Nokia
11/10/20162 © Nokia 2016
• Quality of Service
• Network Slicing
• Latency and Radio
• Network Architecture
5G HighlightsContent Overview
11/10/20163 © Nokia 2016
Quality of Service
11/10/20164 © Nokia 2016
Optimizationof individualapplication sessions
5G Quality of Service
1 – Data Never Sleeps 2.0, http://www.domo.com/learn/infographic-data-never-sleeps-2
34,000 likes
3,600 photos
277,000 tweets
YouTube
100 hours of uploaded video
Amazon
$83,000 online sales
2 – G. Linden, Amazon, Make Data Useful, http://www.gduchamp.com/media/StanfordDataMining.2006-11-28.pdf
Amazon2 found every 100ms of latency cost them 1% in sales.
Internet Landscape
11/10/20165 © Nokia 2016
5G Quality of ServiceInternet Landscape
HTTP is a convergence layer. Multiple applications in simultaneous use, each with different modes of engagement and user experience needs.
Wide variety of applications
Diversity and versatility requires real time, dynamic and adaptive QoS management.
The ratio of end-to-end encrypted traffic has risen sharply. HTTP 2.0 introduction will further accelerate this.
Operators lose insight into real-time customer experience per application, and the ability to manage it positively. Role taken over by content owners, application developers and device vendors – but users assume operators are responsible!
Data collected on Nokia NetLeap, November 2014.
Encrypted traffic ratio increasing
11/10/20166 © Nokia 2016
• LTE QoS architecture
- Static or semi-dynamic, rule based policy enforcement in the core and
- Bearer centric, radio efficiency driven QoS enforcement at the air interface
• Drawbacks
- Incapable of providing personalized experience
• no efficient means to adapt itself to the specifics of the user sessions
- Simultaneous applications of the same user are not differentiated properly
- Class based operation, with limited number of QoS classes
5G Quality of ServiceDrawbacks of LTE QoS architecture
11/10/20167 © Nokia 2016
5G Quality of ServiceDrawbacks of LTE QoS architecture
1st RTT 2nd RTT 3rd RTT 4th RTT 5th RTT 6th RTT 7th RTT
0,17 Mbps
0,34 Mbps
0,68 Mbps
2,74 Mbps
5,47 Mbps
1,37 Mbps
10,94 Mbps
Bandwidth need of the web page download in time
Bandwidth required to download the web page within 5 sec, assuming constant rate traffic: 2,88 Mbps
Example: Download of an 1,8MByte web page; RTT=200 ms; MSS=1420 Byte
The rate of a TCP connection depends on the e2e RTT and on the congestion window value. Only a part of the RTT is spent in the mobile system
Predefined QoS parameters are not appropriate.Adaptive, context dependent QoS architecture is needed
Example:Download of a 1,8MByte web page; Outer RTT=50ms; MSS=1420Byte, Initial window = 10MSS
Bandwidth required to download the web page within 5 sec,
assuming constant rate traffic and no TCP Slow Start: 2,88 Mbps.
11/10/20168 © Nokia 2016
• High Level Principles
• Detection and differentiation of very short-lived service flows in order to provide a good application experience
• Real-time application awareness in both Core and RAN
• Enforcement actions derived in a coherent way for UL and DL by the enforcement points according to the current context of the user plane traffic mix, simultaneous competing flows, network status and resource availability and policies received from Core CP
• Each end-to-end OTT protocol has a feedback mechanism (TCP, QUIC, TCP friendly rate control for UDP, etc.) → UL and DL are always strongly coupled
• Policies sent by the Core to the RAN may either provide explicit QoS targets (transport level QoS policies) for some flows or they may provide high level guidelines and policies to the RAN about the QoS to apply (Intent level QoS policies) for other flows.
5G Quality of ServiceHigh Level Principles
11/10/20169 © Nokia 2016
5G Quality of ServiceHigh Level Principles
RSF
Split
RAN
uGW
NG3 connection
RSF 1
RSF 2
MT
Ap
plic
atio
n
cla
ssific
atio
n
Sch
ed
ulin
g
Ma
rkin
g App.3
Application scheduling
App.2
App.1
SSF
Aggr.
Flow Control,
Radio link specific
info
SSF management
SGi
Ap
plic
atio
n
cla
ssific
atio
n
Bu
fferin
g
Application scheduling
Ma
rkin
g
Sch
ed
ulin
g
11/10/201610 © Nokia 2016
5G Quality of ServiceHigh Level Principles
Immediate Degradation prediction
Root causeanalysis
Decision making powered by self-learning
Full Awareness of application sessions
Immediate action before problems arise
Unique Nokia solution available TODAY
100% successful sessionsin congested networks
+20-30%capacity
4 x QoEcompared to today
Seconds
10 years100 Mbps 10-100 x10,000 x ultra low>10 Gbps <1 ms
t
Trigger for preventive action
11/10/201611 © Nokia 2016
Network Slicing
11/10/201612 © Nokia 2016
5G Network SlicingFuture Landscape
Augmentedshopping
Smart clothes
Virtual 3Dpresence
Factory automation Real-time
remote control
Assisted driving
Logistics
Traffic steering &management
Smart grids
Connected home
Real timecloud access
4k Video
VR gaming
Real-time remote control
Remote Diagnosis
Communication
Mobile living3D printing
Automotive
Toll collection
HD Cams NW
REVOLUTIONIZED
Traffic Mgmt.
SUPEREFFICIENT
Waste mgmt.
Reliable emergency communications
Tracking / inventorysystems
AUGMENTED
Augmenteddashboard
INTERCONNECTED
8k Video beamer
TACTILEVIRTUAL
Smart watch
Augmentedgaming
Self driving
Maintenance optimization
Touch & steer
AUTONOMOUS
Travel & commute
Health
Time shift
Utility & EnergySafety & Security
Work & game while traveling
REDEDICATED
People & Things
Real timework in cloud
Industry 4.0
Advanced monitoring
Personalrobot
11/10/201613 © Nokia 2016
• NGMN 5G P1 Work Stream End-to-End Architecture by NGMN Alliance
- It is anticipated that the current architecture is not flexible and scalable enough to efficiently support a wider range of business need when each has its own specific set of performance, scalability and availability requirements. Furthermore, introduction of new network services should be made more efficient. Nevertheless, several use cases are anticipated to be active concurrently in the same operator network, thus requiring a high degree of flexibility and scalability of the 5G network
- For more efficient support and faster introduction of a wide range of business need each having its own specific set of performance, scalability and availability requirements
5G Network SlicingFuture Landscape
11/10/201614 © Nokia 2016
• Realisation
- A network slice instance consists of zero or more ’sub network slices instances’, which may be dedicated or shared by another Network Slice Instance; e.g. a RAN sub network slice instance and a CN sub network slice instance
- A UE can connect to multiple network slices instances at the same time
- Different policies and ciphering keys can be defined per RAN slice
5G Network SlicingHigh Level Principles
11/10/201615 © Nokia 2016
5G Network SlicingHigh Level Principles
UE Edge Aggregation Core
Inte
rne
t/Se
rvice
do
ma
in
Access
Enhanced Mobile Broad Band Slice
IoT Slice
Low Latency Slice
Radio front end RAN higher layers (eMBB)
Gateway
Radio front endRAN higher layers (IoT)
Gateway
Radio front end RAN higher layers (URLLC)
Gateway
11/10/201616 © Nokia 2016
Latency
11/10/201617 © Nokia 2016
5G LatencyEvolution and Target
0
5
10
15
20
25
HSPA LTE 5G
ms
End-to-end latency
Transport + core
BTS processing
UE processing
Scheduling
Buffering
Uplink transmission
Downlink transmission
Strong evolution in latency• HSPA latency 20 ms• LTE latency 10 ms• 5G latency 1 ms (target)
Low 5G latency requires new radio and also new architecture with local content
11/10/201618 © Nokia 2016
5G LatencyEvolution and Target
HSPA LTE 5G
Downlink transmission 2.0 1.0 0.125
Uplink transmission 2.0 1.0 0.125
Buffering 2.0 1.0 0.125
Scheduling 1.3
UE processing 8.0 4.0 0.250
BTS processing 3.0 2.0 0.250
Transport + core 2.0 1.0 0.1
Total 20.3 10.0 1.0
• HSPA scheduling assume HS-SCCH transmission• LTE assumes pre-allocated scheduling
• LTE scheduling would add 15-20 ms extra delay• UE processing requirement follows 3GPP requirements
• 5G processing time is assumed to be 2xTTI• HSPA transport + core includes RNC + packet core• Retransmissions ignored• LTE ideal case measurements show 10.2 ms in the lab
Main solutions for 5G low latency
are short TTI, fast processing and
access to local content/breakout
80% of LTE latency is caused by air interface
11/10/201619 © Nokia 2016
5G LatencyWiFi Reference
Characterizing and Improving WiFi Latency in Large-Scale Operational Networks, 2016
WiFi Radio Latency is 1-2ms5G radio must be equal or better than the current Wi-Fi
11/10/201620 © Nokia 2016
5G LatencyArchitecture for Low Latency
CDN site
BroadbandInternet
Fast Processing
Short TTI
Optimal path
10 years100 Mbps 10-100 x10,000 x ultra low>10 Gbps <1 ms
5G AP
Multi-homed device
Local switching
LocalIP anchor
User planeprocessing
function Central IP anchor
11/10/201621 © Nokia 2016
Network Architecture
11/10/201622 © Nokia 2016
5G ArchitectureTypical LTE-EPC Deployment
macro
macro
pre-aggregationsmall cells
small cellsmacro
x10.000
macro sites
x100.000
small cells
x1.000
pre-aggregation
sites
central
gateways
CN functions
x100
aggregation sites
x10
central
gateways
aggregation
site
Internet
Operator Services
edge
cloud
edge
cloud
star
chain
tree
Internetring
= potential site for data center
/aggregation/local breakout point
RRHs
macro
Distance and latency to radio access increases
Local breakout
and functions
11/10/201623 © Nokia 2016
5G ArchitectureDeployment Goal
5G
Core network
LTE5G
LTE 5G
LTE5G
5G anchored in LTE
(LTE-5G Dual Connectivity)5G and LTE stand-alone
LTE anchored in 5G
(5G-LTE Multi-Connectivity)
5G 5G with multi-hop
self-backhaul5G
RAN cloud
virtualized hardware
5G with D2D and
local switching5G
Local GW
RAN functions
LTE air interface
5G air interface
Fronthaul interface
RAN-CN interface
Self-backhaul interface
RAN interface
Device to device
Sensor/IoT device
11/10/201624 © Nokia 2016
5G ArchitectureEvolution of LTE Dual Connectivity
MCGbearer
splitbearer
PDCP
RLC
PDCP
RLC
MAC MAC
RLC
MeNB SeNB
PDCP
RLC
PDCP
RLC
MAC NG-MAC
NG-RLC
Fronthaul
split
RAN Cloud
NR-PDCP
Fronthaul split:
Low Latency
IP IP
IPEther-
netAny
Prot.
EvolvedRAN Cloud
Also other DC
options possible
LTE-RLC
LTE-MAC
NR-RLC
NG-MAC
PHY
WiFiMAC
Monolithic architecture
eNB eNB5G-PHY
LTE-PHY
LTE-PHY
5G-PHY
WiFI-PHY
Multi-connectivity:
Generalized DC for 5G
Cloud-based 5G architectureGeneralized Dual Connectivity (Multi-Connectivity)
Same protocol for any RAT: NCSScalability in evolved RAN cloud
Coexists with both low-latency and high-latency FH
LTE radio cloud with 5G
Scalable and Future proof
Works for high-latency FH
Baseline – LTE Rel. 12 Dual Connectivity
IP IP
NR-RLC
NG-MAC
5G-L1’
5G-PHY’’
LTE-RLC
LTE-MAC
LTE-L1’
Fronthaul split:
Higher Latency
11/10/201625 © Nokia 2016
5G ArchitectureSingle layer for all RATs and Multi-Connectivity
PDCP - NR
IP EthernetNew
services
LTE 5GWA, cmW, mmW
WiFi LAA
Tight integration and control
Support for all services and use cases
Unified upper protocol stack for all radio interfaces
Parameterization, configuration, and implementation optimized for specific radio interfaces
11/10/201626 © Nokia 2016
