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The Dirty Secrets of Enterprise SecurityEight things that plague (almost) all companies!
The Dirty Secrets of Enterprise Security
• Working in security consultancy for over 12 years, I’ve had the pleasure of working with a lot of companies.
• In recent years, my focus has been on enterprise risk assessments, penetration tests that look at the company as a whole and Incident Response. The visibility from these projects has been eye-opening.
The Dirty Secrets of Enterprise Security
• Common themes exist at nearly every company
• (In one form or another)
• This talk highlights those themes
• Providing guidance on how to address them.
Image credit: http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/264546/playbook.jpeg
Session Overview
The Dirty Secrets of Enterprise Security
Speaker Introduction
1. Weaknesses in Physical Security
2. Susceptibility to Phishing
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
4. Weaknesses in Authentication
5. Poor Network Segmentation
6. Loose Data Access Control
7. Poor Host or Network Visibility
8. Lack of General Incident Response ReadinessImage credit: http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/264546/playbook.jpeg
Speaker Introduction
• Technical VP for NCC Group, based in Austin TX.
• 15 year career focused on Attack & Penetration techniques & defenses
• Prior to that security focused government/military background
• Currently Responsible for:oDevelopment of Strategic Technical Practices
o Strategic Infrastructure Security (SIS)
o Security Defense Operations (SDO)
• Specialist in Red Team / Black Ops engagements
• Physical Security Assessment
Kevin Dunn
www.nccgroup.trust/us
• Formed in June 1999 showing immense growth over the past 16 years.
• 1800 employees, in 32 office locations.
• North America, the UK, Europe, Canada, Asia and Australia.
• We strive to provide Total Information Assurance for our clients.
• Offices: NYC, ATL, CHI, AUS, SEA, SFO, Sunnyvale and Waterloo.
• NCC combines US security teams from:o iSEC Partners, Matasano, Intrepidus Group and NGS.
1. Weaknesses in Physical Security
Image credit: http://itiscool.be/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/security.jpg
1. Weaknesses in Physical Security
• Unguarded and Unmonitored Secondary Entrance Points
• Systemic Susceptibility to Tailgating
• Camera Monitoring Ineffective at Preventing Physical Breaches
• Desk Security Policies Rarely Enforced
1. Weaknesses in Physical Security
Unguarded and Unmonitored Secondary Entrance Points (1)
1. Weaknesses in Physical Security
Unguarded and Unmonitored Secondary Entrance Points (2)
1. Weaknesses in Physical Security
Systemic Susceptibility to Tailgating (1)
1. Weaknesses in Physical Security
Systemic Susceptibility to Tailgating (2)
1. Weaknesses in Physical Security
Weaknesses in Anti-Tailgating Technologies
1. Weaknesses in Physical Security
Camera Monitoring Ineffective at Preventing Physical Breaches
• In the very high majority of physical intrusion tests carried out
• CCTV monitoring has not hindered the testing in any way
• Including when cameras were attacked
• Why is that?
Image credit: https://www.popularresistance.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Camover-Double.jpg
1. Weaknesses in Physical Security
Desk Security Policies Rarely Enforced
Quick Wins - Physical Security
• Do not treat it all the same
• Put more effort into securing your most important things
• Recognize that your employees will not always make the right choices
• Sometimes there is no substitute for a security guard presence
• Make physical access hard and noisy
• Make network access hard and noisy
• Make theft of assets hard to achieve
• Provide staff incentives to be your eyes and ears
2. Susceptibility to Phishing
Image credit: https://www.redhawksecurity.com/images/Phishing.jpg
2. Susceptibility to Phishing
• User Awareness Training Only Partially Effective
• Technical Security Countermeasures Lacking or Under Developed
• Security Team Follow Up on Phishing Events Often Incomplete
2. Susceptibility to Phishing
User Awareness Training Only Partially Effective
• Many people believe that the way to ‘solve’ the phishing problem is via training of users to spot and report phishing attacks.
• By itself, user awareness training does not completely answer the threat of phishing - users will make mistakes!
• Most organizations are susceptible to a high degree.
2. Susceptibility to Phishing
2. Susceptibility to Phishing
2. Susceptibility to Phishing
2. Susceptibility to Phishing
Technical Security Countermeasures Lacking
• Protection against macros or malicious sites are not effectiveo Users will enable macro content when prompted
• Web browsers and content plugins are not kept up-to-dateo Internet Explorer, and Adobe Flash are still targets that work
• Application whitelisting at the desktop endpoint can be circumventedo Use of VBSCRIPT and PowerShell typically allows bypasses
• Domain whitelisting can be bypassed (or not applied)o Use of pre-authorized domains for C2 is easy (GitHub, Twitter etc.)
2. Susceptibility to Phishing
Security Team Follow Up on Phishing Events Often Incomplete
Quick Wins - Phishing
• Your employees will fall for phishing emails
• They will give away their credentials and run malicious payloads
• Use MFA for all services that support it
• Separate their privileges from other actions
• Email and web browsing should be contained away from ‘corp’ desktop
• Several ways to achieve this:oVirtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)
oWorkstation Virtual Machines
o Server Virtual Infrastructure
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Image credit: https://eatingheavendotcom.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/messy-baby-176-e1396475370535.jpg
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
• Visibility of Assets is Typically Partial or Incomplete
• Investment in Internal Vulnerability Scanning Varies
• Depth of System Hardening is Typically Shallow
• Vulnerability Remediation Workflows are Under-Developed
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Visibility of Assets is Typically Partial or Incomplete
• You can’t secure what you don’t know about
• Manual, semi-automated and automated discovery
• Assets: o Find servers / workstations / printers etc.
o The services they provide…
o…and their general purpose within the org.
• There are still a lot of firms that don’t have that complete picture.
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Investment in Internal Vulnerability Scanning Varies
• Software license costs for commercial vulnerability scanners $$$
• Network design may contribute to needing several scanner hosts
• Based on this, we see companies forced to prioritize scanning
• This is troublesome in a domain environment
o ‘Low Risk’ hosts can be the entry points to domain compromise
o If they have been de-prioritized in VMP, they may have flaws that are missed
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Depth of System Hardening is Typically Shallow
• Patching - Where do you get your patches from?o Software manufacturers
o Typically first party patching
• Hardening - Where do you get your hardening guidance from?o Software manufacturers - Microsoft, Oracle, Ubuntu etc.
o Third party organizations - Center for Internet Security (CIS)
oGovernment organizations - NSA, NIST
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Hacks that work waaay more than they should!
• Poor / No HardeningoMSSQL Weak SA Password
o Tomcat Manager Weak Password
o Jenkins Groovy Script Command Execution
oPrinter Default Credentials
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
MSSQL Weak SA Password oA few simple steps to full control of server!
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Tomcat Manager Weak Password
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Tomcat Manager Weak Password
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Jenkins Groovy Script Command Executiono Jenkins Integration Manager (source code build env.)
Image Credit: www.pentestgeek.com
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Jenkins Groovy Script Command ExecutionoWhen poorly configured visiting /script gets you to a ‘Script Console’
Image Credit: www.pentestgeek.com
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Jenkins Groovy Script Command Executiono That’s OS command execution! You never know how many privs you have!
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Printer Default CredentialsoPrinters can be useful!
o Here we are using a default password on a printer to gain access to LDAP credentials stored as part of the enterprise search function.
3. Vulnerability Management Immaturity
Vulnerability Remediation Workflows are Under-Developed
• Consider:
oA missing patch for Oracle a Windows Server 2012 host
oAn internal DB permission flaw for Oracle on Solaris
oWeak credentials on Apache Tomcat running on Windows Server 2003
• Who fixes each of these?
• Same people or different people in your IT org?
• How? When? How frequently? Etc.
Quick Wins - Vulnerability Management
• You cannot secure your network 100%
• New vulns; missed assets; forgotten things etc.
• Patching - as ever!
• Don’t neglect hardening - create hardened builds
• Plan for failure:o ‘Other things’ should prevent access to most critical data
o The security of any one system should not be a single point of failure
4. Weaknesses in Authentication
Image credit: https://static.securityintelligence.com/uploads/2014/09/2FA-multi-factor-authentication-defeat-cybercriminals-future-how-to-938x535.jpg
4. Weaknesses in Authentication
• Weak Passwords in Use
• Passwords Written Down Insecurely by Users and Administrators
• No Separation of Duties between Normal & Privileged Accounts
• Poor Adoptions of MFA and / or EPV
4. Weaknesses in Authentication
Weak Passwords in Use
4. Weaknesses in Authentication
Passwords Written Down Insecurely by Users and Admins
Whenever a user is asked to remember a password, the potential exists they will write it down. The same is usually also true for admins - because they have more than one password to remember.
4. Weaknesses in Authentication
No Separation of Duties between Normal & Privileged Account
• The Local Admin Problemo Some users need to be local admin on their own machines to ‘do their job’.
• The ‘admin in the Domain’ Problemo Some users are DA or some other kind of privileged user in the domain to ‘do their job’.
• The Email, Web Browsing & Day-to-Day Work Problemo Those local or domain admin users need to do regular non-privileged IT things as well
4. Weaknesses in Authentication
Poor Adoptions of MFA and / or EPV
• Multifactor Authentication (MFA)oCompanies are not using it enough
o Externally for cloud services or internally for priv. access
• Enterprise Password Vault (EPV)oCompanies are not using it
oCompanies are deploying it with domain SSO
oCompanies are deploying it without MFA
Image credit: http://cdn03.androidauthority.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/YubiKey-NEO-smartphone-token-password-google.jpg
Quick Wins - Authentication
• Users will continue to pick bad passwords
• Even with a complexity filter - Summer2016!
• Organizations do this to themselves with ‘company defaults’
• Implement hardware-based MFA wherever possible
• Make this mandatory for privileged accounts (admins)
• Remove local admin rights / sudo from user’s own workstation
• Separate duties and even workstations for highest risk
• Use an EPV without SSO / domain auth or single-factor
5. Poor Network Segmentation
Image credit: http://www.puppy-training-solutions.com/image-files/dog-jumping-fence-15990511.jpg
5. Poor Network Segmentation
• Completely Flat Internal Network
• Network or Host Segmentation Governed by AD Memberships
• Segmentation of Corporate / Operational Networks via Weak Means
5. Poor Network Segmentation
Completely Flat Internal Network
• The Domain Controller Connection Challenge!
• If you are not an admin on your corporate network…
• Try to access a Domain Controller over RDP
5. Poor Network Segmentation
5. Poor Network Segmentation
Network or Host Segmentation Governed by AD Memberships
• Companies still rely on AD to govern access to systems
• If the last 10 years of pentesting has shown you anything:
• Microsoft Domains can be compromised by a number of avenues
• An attacker / pentester can typically achieve Domain Admin
• Based on this, your most critical systems should not be accessible via domain credentials alone, and group membership.
5. Poor Network Segmentation
Segmentation via Weak Means
• Jump Servers - These seem like a good idea to move between segments, but they are often deployed insecurely.
• Consider this common deployment:o Jump server is domain joined
oAdmins Access it via RDP
oNo firewalling of other services
oUse of single-factor authentication
Quick Wins - Network Segmentation
• There is little justification for a flat network these days
• Design your network, like a castle
• Implement segmentation internally (consider internal VPNs)
• Make every efforts to secure the methods of traversal
• If you use a jump box, consider:
o SSH access only, with port forwarding into a separate management LAN
oMFA using hardware tokens
o Strict firewalling
6. Loose Data Access Control
Image credit: http://www.lionytics.com/blogposts/images/sri-data-leak.jpg
6. Loose Data Access Control
• Internal Data Repositories not Adequately Guarded
• Access to Most Critical Data Governed by Active Directory
• Data Access Events not Monitored Adequately
6. Loose Data Access Control
Internal Data Repositories not Adequately Guarded
6. Loose Data Access Control
Internal Data Repositories not Adequately Guarded
6. Loose Data Access Control
Access to Most Critical Data Governed by Active Directory
• Companies still rely on AD to govern access to systems data
• If the last 10 years of pentesting has shown you anything:
oMicrosoft Domains can be compromised by a number of avenues
oAn attacker / pentester can typically achieve Domain Admin
• Based on this, your most critical data should not be accessible via domain credentials alone, and group membership.
6. Loose Data Access Control
Data Access Events not Monitored Adequately
Image credit: https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/johnwpowell/2008/08/14/how-to-update-a-sharepoint-user-account-when-they-leave-the-company-and-return/
Image credit: https://social.microsoft.com/Forums/getfile/35622/
Quick Wins - Data Access Control
• Data in shared folders or intranet portals is poorly secured
• If data is critical or leaks key info. this makes things easy for an attacker
• Create an internal data classification standard - apply it
• Create appropriate access control for each classification level
• Remember - your most critical data must be away from the Domain
• Also Remember - any information is good information for an attacker
• Log data access denied events and follow them up quickly.
7. Poor Host or Network Visibility
Image credit: http://old.trustport.com/threat-intelligence/sites/default/files/ti/image/intro_network_visibility.jpg
7. Poor Host or Network Visibility
• Minimal Endpoint, or Network Monitoring
• Lack of Full Packet Inspection for Data Egress
• No Monitoring Available for Encrypted Protocols
• SIEM / Data Aggregation in Use but Sources are Minimal
7. Poor Host or Network Visibility
Minimal Endpoint or Network Monitoring
• Examples - most companies cannot:
oDetect the creation of a local user or admin on workstations & servers
oDetect the creation of a domain user (not admin)
oDetect when a machine is added to the domain
oDetect a port scan happening on their internal network
oDetect specific process creation - e.g. PowerShell or others
• Additionally, while the idea has been around for a long time, most companies are not using Honey Pots / Data
7. Poor Host or Network Visibility
Lack of Full Packet Inspection for Data Egress
• Detecting malicious traffic leaving org.• Key to determining compromises• Most companies: capability not deployed
7. Poor Host or Network Visibility
No Monitoring Available for Encrypted Protocols
• Public figures quote SSL traffic at 50 - 70% of your total network traffic
• Are you inspecting that traffic?
• If an attacker or malware was using SSL to exfiltrate data, would you be able to detect that?
• What if that was combined with a trusted site?
Image credit: https://zeltser.com/bots-command-and-control-via-social-media/
7. Poor Host or Network Visibility
SIEM / Data Aggregation in Use but Sources are Minimal
• A number of companies are now using data aggregation
• THIS IS GREAT - but often not complete
• Licensing costs can be a barrier
• Ideally, you’d throw everything in your SIEM - but you can’t
• Prioritize based on:
oWhat are you trying to find out?
Image credit: https://www.accumuli.com
Quick Wins - Host or Network Visibility (1)
• If you can’t see what’s going on - you can’t secure it
• At the very least you need to have visibility of traffic leaving your org.
• Implement egress filtering - e.g. traffic to port X is not needed
• Force all outbound traffic through an authenticated proxy server
• Use domain content filtering to limit simple malicious traffic
• Use NETFLOW and full packet capture to drill into outbound data
• Consider how to break TLS/SSL to inspect this traffic ($$$)oNon-inline process used for investigations may be appropriate.
Quick Wins - Host or Network Visibility (2)
• Moving beyond analyzing egress traffic - consider internal traffic
• Most firms cannot detect simple actions - e.g. port scan against server
• Instead of looking to deploy additional hardware / pinch points
• Consider potentially using the NETFLOW data you already have
• NETFLOW analysis from switches and routers will show anomalies
• A single host scanning other hosts should be easy to spot
• Use data aggregation and alerting via a SIEM to automate
8. Lack of General IR Readiness
Image credit: http://www.joegirard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Be-Prepared-BoyScouts.jpg
8. Lack of General IR Readiness
• No Documented IR Plan
• Lack of Third Party Support
• Lack of Telemetry to Support Investigation
• Under-tested IR Plan
8. Lack of General IR Readiness
No Documented IR Plan
• A large number of companies have no plan, or are under-prepared
• Determine:
o Threats
o Likely Actions / Attacks
oPotential Business Impact
oCountermeasures to Business Impact
oResponse [Detection / Analysis / Containment / Eradication / Recovery]
Image credit: http://www.phoenixts.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/NIST-incident-response-lifecycle.bmp
8. Lack of General IR Readiness
Lack of Third Party Support
• Maintaining in-house capabilities are hard
• Think of the specialisms you may need:o Disk and Memory Forensics
o Log Analysis & Triage
o Malware Analysis
o Mobile Expertise
• Consider Retainer agreements with third parties that can help you.
• Consider Legal Privilege.
8. Lack of General IR Readiness
Lack of Telemetry to Support Investigation
• Incomplete evidence = incomplete conclusions
• Example:
oMalware infection
oMalware has capability to exfiltrate data
oNo network telemetry to determine if that happened
• Audit Board: “was data exfiltrated?”
• Answer: “maybe” :/
8. Lack of General IR Readiness
Under-tested IR Plan
• Who does what and when during an Incident?
• Do all the parties know each other?
• Do they know how to communicate?
• Do your technical staff know what not to do?
• Do you drill your IR plan?
Image credit: http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/264546/playbook.jpeg
Quick Wins - Incident Response Readiness
• Planning for the worst is not something we are great at doing!
• But like most things in life, you’ll feel better once you do
• Plan: o Threats
o Likely Actions / Attacks
oPotential Business Impact
oCountermeasures to Business Impact
oResponse [Detection / Analysis / Containment / Eradication / Recovery]
o Third Party Help
Session Close
• If your company has some of the things I’ve described (or all of them!) - you are not alone…
• But you should work hard to address these issues.
• Not doing so, makes you a very easy target.
Image credit: https://i.redditmedia.com/S4Mo4iNIPHr87bX6OKSnFg59Wu96CwMw7TbILSUSv7Q.jpg?w=320&s=eafab46adeae0884be88a1eec861796b
Session Close
• Kevin Dunn
• Technical VP – NCC Group, Security Consulting
• E: [email protected]
• L: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevdunn
Note: all images used, unless otherwise stated, are from Wiki Commons or internal NCC sources.
Kevin Dunn
