NATIONAL CONSERVATIONSTRATEGY (NCS)

➤Muhammad Fahad Muhammad Fahad AnsariAnsari

➤12IEEM1412IEEM14

NATIONAL CONSERVATIONSTRATEGY (NCS)

➤ National Conservation Strategy National Conservation Strategy approved by the Cabinet in March approved by the Cabinet in March 1992. 1992.

➤ Since 1992, NCS has served as de facto Since 1992, NCS has served as de facto

environmental policy of Pakistanenvironmental policy of Pakistan

THREE OVER- RIDING OBJECTIVES OF NCS

✂ Conservation of Natural ResourcesConservation of Natural Resources

✂ Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

✂ Improved efficiency in the use and management Improved efficiency in the use and management of resourcesof resources

NCS ATTRIBUTES

➤14 Core Programme Areas 14 Core Programme Areas ➤A total 68 specific programmes A total 68 specific programmes ➤Each with long-term goal, expected results, Each with long-term goal, expected results,

and resource investments and resource investments

➤Rs.150.7 billion recommended investment Rs.150.7 billion recommended investment includingRs.52 billion from private sectorincludingRs.52 billion from private sector

NCS 14 CORE PROGRAMME AREAS

1.1. Monitoring soils in croplandsMonitoring soils in croplands2.2. Increasing irrigation efficiencyIncreasing irrigation efficiency3.3. Protecting watershedsProtecting watersheds4.4. Supporting forestry and plantationsSupporting forestry and plantations5.5. Restoring rangelands and improving livestock Restoring rangelands and improving livestock 6.6. Protecting water bodies and fisheries Protecting water bodies and fisheries 7.7. Conserving biodiversity Conserving biodiversity

NCS 14 CORE PROGRAMME AREAS

1.1. Increasing energy efficiencyIncreasing energy efficiency

2.2. Developing and deploying renewable Developing and deploying renewable

3.3. Controlling pollution Controlling pollution

4.4. Managing urban wasteManaging urban waste

5.5. Supporting institutionsSupporting institutions

6.6. Integrating population and environment Integrating population and environment programmes programmes

7.7. Preserving cultural heritage Preserving cultural heritage

1- CROPLANDS

➤ Less than 20% of 88 million hectares of Pakistan is suitable for agriculture

➤ Lowest levels of output per hectare ➤ 17% of the land used for farming, forestry, or ranching

is affected by water erosion ➤ 8% of the country land suffers from wind erosion ➤ 9% of the country land suffers from Salinity ➤ 96% of land is in low levels of organic matter

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR CROPLANDS

➤Gypsum application on sodic soils,Gypsum application on sodic soils,➤Increased organic manure application,Increased organic manure application,➤Saline agriculture,Saline agriculture,➤Green manuring by leguminous crops,Green manuring by leguminous crops,➤Direct or indirect return to the soil of cropDirect or indirect return to the soil of crop

residues, and residues, and ➤Soil conservation works in rainfed Soil conservation works in rainfed

croplands.croplands.

2- IRRIGATION

➤ Only 30% of the water tapped in the Indus Basin Only 30% of the water tapped in the Indus Basin are intended for crops are intended for crops

➤ Groundwater is another source for irrigation, Groundwater is another source for irrigation, but nearly 90% of the annual recharge of but nearly 90% of the annual recharge of groundwater is already drawn up by tubewells.groundwater is already drawn up by tubewells.

➤ groundwater is that it contains much more salt groundwater is that it contains much more salt than canal water; than canal water;

➤ water supplies is based on a rotational system water supplies is based on a rotational system supply systemsupply system

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR IRRIGATION

➤ To increase irrigation efficiency, an investment To increase irrigation efficiency, an investment of Rs. 18.5 billion is suggested in four of Rs. 18.5 billion is suggested in four programmes: programmes: ➤ irrigation system rehabilitation, irrigation system rehabilitation, ➤ command water management, command water management, ➤ on-farm water management, and on-farm water management, and ➤ improved water harvesting in torrent irrigated areas. improved water harvesting in torrent irrigated areas.

➤ 17,000 kilometers of the canal system needs to be 17,000 kilometers of the canal system needs to be rehabilitatedrehabilitated

3- WATERSHEDS

➤ Watershed lands in the upper Indus River and its Watershed lands in the upper Indus River and its tributaries suffer from both unfavorable soil and tributaries suffer from both unfavorable soil and water conditions and poor management.water conditions and poor management.

➤ Erosion in these areas accelerates, soil is being Erosion in these areas accelerates, soil is being washed down into the reservoirs on which washed down into the reservoirs on which irrigation depends. irrigation depends.

➤ Community participation is needed as much in Community participation is needed as much in watershed management as it is in improving watershed management as it is in improving irrigation efficiencies.irrigation efficiencies.

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR WATERSHEDS

➤Creating multi-disciplinary extension and Creating multi-disciplinary extension and support teams of foresters, agronomists, support teams of foresters, agronomists, civil engineers, and community organizers. civil engineers, and community organizers.

➤These teams can help prepare provincial, These teams can help prepare provincial, district, and local action plans, with the goal district, and local action plans, with the goal of protecting 10% of the total watershed of protecting 10% of the total watershed area. area.

➤Providing information on run-off control Providing information on run-off control measures and conservation structures.measures and conservation structures.

4- FORESTRY AND PLANTATION

➤ Nation·s wealth of biological diversity. Nation·s wealth of biological diversity. ➤ 4.57 million hectares, 5.2% of the area of Pakistan.4.57 million hectares, 5.2% of the area of Pakistan.➤ 7,000-9,000 hectares a year are being lost to 7,000-9,000 hectares a year are being lost to

deforestation. deforestation. ➤ Loss of forest vegetation during the last few decades as Loss of forest vegetation during the last few decades as

single trees have been felled or lopped off by local people single trees have been felled or lopped off by local people needing fuel. needing fuel.

➤ Forests play important ecological roles: Forests play important ecological roles: ➤ they protect soil from eroding or blowing away they protect soil from eroding or blowing away ➤ reduces sedimentation in reservoirs. reduces sedimentation in reservoirs.

➤ Forests slow down the runoff, thus reducing floods.Forests slow down the runoff, thus reducing floods.

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR FORESTRY

➤ The NCS recommends investing Rs. 5.84 billion The NCS recommends investing Rs. 5.84 billion over the next decade to support forests and over the next decade to support forests and plantations through six programmes: plantations through six programmes: ➤ Intensive management of critical forest areas Intensive management of critical forest areas ➤ Afforestation on marginal private lands by land Afforestation on marginal private lands by land

owners owners ➤ Community forestryCommunity forestry➤ Linear plantation Linear plantation ➤ Urban plantations Urban plantations ➤ Courtyard/social forestryCourtyard/social forestry

5-RANGELANDS AND LIVE STOCK

➤ Desertification is the cause of the loss of Desertification is the cause of the loss of biological productivity of drylands biological productivity of drylands

➤ Rangelands are now only producing at 15-40% Rangelands are now only producing at 15-40% ➤ Livestock contribute some 30% of the gross Livestock contribute some 30% of the gross

domestic product generated by the agricultural domestic product generated by the agricultural sector. sector.

➤ The livestock sector is a prime candidate for the The livestock sector is a prime candidate for the recycling and more efficient use of resources.recycling and more efficient use of resources.

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR RANGELAND AND LIVESTOCK

➤To restore rangelands and improve To restore rangelands and improve livestock quality, three programmes and an livestock quality, three programmes and an investment of Rs. 2.56 billion are called for:investment of Rs. 2.56 billion are called for:➤Community-based range management,Community-based range management,➤Selective sand dune stabilization, andSelective sand dune stabilization, and➤Disseminating high-yield variety fodder and Disseminating high-yield variety fodder and

improving improving ➤Livestock quality.Livestock quality.

➤ A 90% of tropical marine species pass at least one A 90% of tropical marine species pass at least one stage of their life cycle in mangrove Forests stage of their life cycle in mangrove Forests

➤ Deltas covered by mangroves are four to seven times Deltas covered by mangroves are four to seven times more productive more productive

➤ Critical link between fisheries and mangroves is Critical link between fisheries and mangroves is acknowledged acknowledged

➤ Projects are likely to have a considerable impact on Projects are likely to have a considerable impact on marine and coastal resources. marine and coastal resources.

➤ Products of fisheries accounted for 3-5% Products of fisheries accounted for 3-5% ➤ Considerable scope exists in Pakistan to expand Considerable scope exists in Pakistan to expand

aquacultureaquaculture

6-WATER BODIES AND FISHERIES

➤ Seven programmes and an investment of Rs. 1.3 Seven programmes and an investment of Rs. 1.3 billion are suggested in order to protect water bodies billion are suggested in order to protect water bodies and sustain fisheries: and sustain fisheries: ➤ sustaining mangroves under reduced freshwater inflows, sustaining mangroves under reduced freshwater inflows, ➤ improved handling of marine catch improved handling of marine catch ➤ ancillary employment programme for fishers ancillary employment programme for fishers ➤ use of wastelands for fish farming use of wastelands for fish farming ➤ integration of fish farming into agro-pastoral systems integration of fish farming into agro-pastoral systems ➤ pen fish culture in small reservoirs using fruit or vegetable pen fish culture in small reservoirs using fruit or vegetable

wastes wastes ➤ promotion of integrated pest managementpromotion of integrated pest management

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR WATER BODIES AND FISHERIES

➤ Great variety and richness of flora and fauna and of Great variety and richness of flora and fauna and of wildlife habitats wildlife habitats

➤ nine major ecological zones and 21 out of 22 of the nine major ecological zones and 21 out of 22 of the recognized Asian wetland types recognized Asian wetland types

➤ The greater threat to Pakistan·s biodiversity The greater threat to Pakistan·s biodiversity ➤ Hunting Pressure Hunting Pressure ➤ Killing ofTrees Killing ofTrees ➤ ExcessiveGrazing ExcessiveGrazing ➤ Industrial Pollution Industrial Pollution ➤ Expanding SettlementsExpanding Settlements

7- BIODIVERSITY

➤ To conserve biodiversity, the NCS recommends To conserve biodiversity, the NCS recommends investing Rs. 1.08 billion in seven programmes: investing Rs. 1.08 billion in seven programmes: ➤ management of national parks and protected areas, management of national parks and protected areas, ➤ development of new national parks, development of new national parks, ➤ development of new wetland reserves, development of new wetland reserves, ➤ a medical botanics and germplasm preservation a medical botanics and germplasm preservation

programme, programme, ➤ community management of game reserves, community management of game reserves, ➤ programmes for endangered species, and programmes for endangered species, and ➤ captive breeding in the private sector.captive breeding in the private sector.

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR BIODIVERSITY

➤ Pakistan is both energy-poor and energy wasteful. Pakistan is both energy-poor and energy wasteful. ➤ Known gas reserves have a life expectancy of just 16 Known gas reserves have a life expectancy of just 16

years, and domestic oil production meets less than a years, and domestic oil production meets less than a quarter of needs. quarter of needs.

➤ Industrial waste is a source of energy that is Industrial waste is a source of energy that is increasingly being tapped in industrial nations. increasingly being tapped in industrial nations.

➤ Cogeneration involves burning waste from industrial Cogeneration involves burning waste from industrial processes to provide energy for a factory. processes to provide energy for a factory.

➤ It tackles two problems at once: waste disposal and It tackles two problems at once: waste disposal and energy needsenergy needs

8-ENERGY EFFICIENCY

➤ The five programmes to increase energy efficiency The five programmes to increase energy efficiency over the next decade require the third largest over the next decade require the third largest investment called for in the NCS Rs. 21.5 billion:investment called for in the NCS Rs. 21.5 billion:➤ energy conservation by reducing transmission and energy conservation by reducing transmission and

distribution losses, distribution losses, ➤ energy conservation in large industries energy conservation in large industries ➤ energy conservation in buildings, retrofits energy conservation in buildings, retrofits ➤ appliances, appliances, ➤ energy-efficient cooking programme energy-efficient cooking programme ➤ cogeneration in industrial unitscogeneration in industrial units

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

➤ Renewable energy sources are fairly undeveloped in Renewable energy sources are fairly undeveloped in Pakistan. Pakistan.

➤ Renewable energy sources are Renewable energy sources are ➤ Hydropower Hydropower ➤ Biogas Plants Biogas Plants ➤ FuelWood FuelWood ➤ Windmill pumps Windmill pumps ➤ Solar water heaters Solar water heaters ➤ Solar cookersSolar cookers

9-RENEWABLE ENERGY

➤ The NCS recommends spending Rs. 6.34 billion in 1992-2001 The NCS recommends spending Rs. 6.34 billion in 1992-2001 on seven programmes to develop and deploy renewable energy on seven programmes to develop and deploy renewable energy sources: sources: ➤ developing and deploying biogas units, developing and deploying biogas units, ➤ developing and deploying open-core gasifiers and solid-state developing and deploying open-core gasifiers and solid-state

fermentation units, fermentation units, ➤ developing and deploying solar water heaters and solar cookers, developing and deploying solar water heaters and solar cookers, ➤ developing and deploying windmill pumps, developing and deploying windmill pumps, ➤ energy from wood fuel plantations, energy from wood fuel plantations, ➤ development of micro- and mini-hydel plants, and development of micro- and mini-hydel plants, and ➤ applied research and development of wind energy farms.applied research and development of wind energy farms.

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

➤ Sources of pollution Sources of pollution ➤ Industry Industry ➤ Transportation Transportation ➤ Cities Cities ➤ FarmingFarming

➤ Pakistan generates 47,920 tonnes of solid waste a day.Pakistan generates 47,920 tonnes of solid waste a day.➤ 53% of the population has access to safe water. 53% of the population has access to safe water. ➤ Gastrointestinal diseases account for 25-30%. Gastrointestinal diseases account for 25-30%. ➤ Rivers become mere sewage carriers at low-flow periods due to Rivers become mere sewage carriers at low-flow periods due to

the lack of urban waste disposal services.the lack of urban waste disposal services.

10-POLLUTION

➤ Preventing and abating pollution requires the second largest Preventing and abating pollution requires the second largest investment called for in the NCS Rs. 22 billion for seven investment called for in the NCS Rs. 22 billion for seven programmes over the next decade: programmes over the next decade: ➤ shifting industry composition towards environmentally benign processes shifting industry composition towards environmentally benign processes

and products, and products, ➤ integrating clean, low-waste technology in new large manufacturing, integrating clean, low-waste technology in new large manufacturing, ➤ retrofitting of pollution abatement equipment in existing formal retrofitting of pollution abatement equipment in existing formal

industry, industry, ➤ collection and treatment of wastes of urban small industries, collection and treatment of wastes of urban small industries, ➤ refineries upgrading programme, refineries upgrading programme, ➤ vehicle tune-up and related programmes, and vehicle tune-up and related programmes, and ➤ setting up compressed natural gas stations.setting up compressed natural gas stations.

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR POLLUTION

➤ 48,000 tonnes of solid waste generated each day in 48,000 tonnes of solid waste generated each day in Pakistan. Pakistan.

➤ 19,170 tonnes comes from Cities. 19,170 tonnes comes from Cities. ➤ To manage urban wastes in the next 10 years, the NCS To manage urban wastes in the next 10 years, the NCS ➤ recommends spending Rs. 13.35 billion on four recommends spending Rs. 13.35 billion on four

programmes: programmes: ➤ garbage collection and disposal, garbage collection and disposal, ➤ energy-from-waste plants, energy-from-waste plants, ➤ wastewater treatment of livestock farms, and wastewater treatment of livestock farms, and ➤ construction of oxidation ditches and other biological construction of oxidation ditches and other biological

treatment of wastes.treatment of wastes.

11-URBAN WASTE

➤ Community organizations are essential for the success of Community organizations are essential for the success of efforts to better manage Pakistan·s use and maintenance efforts to better manage Pakistan·s use and maintenance of natural resources. of natural resources.

➤ Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can be Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can be supported by federal, provincial, and local governments supported by federal, provincial, and local governments in the establishment of these institutions. in the establishment of these institutions.

➤ Local bodies should be encouraged to consult with the Local bodies should be encouraged to consult with the institutions for common resources on the preparation of institutions for common resources on the preparation of district development plansdistrict development plans

12-INSTITUTIONS FOR COMMON

RESOURCES

➤ Sixth most populated country in the world. Sixth most populated country in the world. ➤ 45% of the population is under the age of 15, putting a 45% of the population is under the age of 15, putting a

heavy burden on adult population. heavy burden on adult population. ➤ Substantial share of deaths in Pakistan are of infants Substantial share of deaths in Pakistan are of infants

and children. and children. ➤ Infant mortality rate has only recently started to fall. Infant mortality rate has only recently started to fall. ➤ Fertility rate declines expected to follow urbanization. Fertility rate declines expected to follow urbanization. ➤ Karachi alone accounts for one-fifth of urban dwellers.Karachi alone accounts for one-fifth of urban dwellers.➤ one-quarter of the urban population lives in illegal one-quarter of the urban population lives in illegal

settlementssettlements

13-POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT

➤ In order to integrate population and environment In order to integrate population and environment ➤ programmes, Rs. 14 billion needs to be spent during the programmes, Rs. 14 billion needs to be spent during the

next 10 years on three programmes: next 10 years on three programmes: ➤ acceleration of conventional population welfare programme acceleration of conventional population welfare programme

through health system and NGOs, through health system and NGOs, ➤ involvement of resource sector extension agents in involvement of resource sector extension agents in

disseminating family planning goals, and disseminating family planning goals, and ➤ intensive population programme in fragile areas with high intensive population programme in fragile areas with high

fertility ratesfertility rates

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR POPULATION

➤ Pakistan has a rich cultural heritage of archealogical Pakistan has a rich cultural heritage of archealogical remains, monuments, old cities, and historic and remains, monuments, old cities, and historic and architecturally significant buildings and Streets. architecturally significant buildings and Streets.

➤ Resources have both aesthetic and economic values. Resources have both aesthetic and economic values. ➤ Natural deterioration of these sites is being accelerated Natural deterioration of these sites is being accelerated

by vandalism, urban pressures, encroachment, and by vandalism, urban pressures, encroachment, and insensitive restoration. insensitive restoration.

➤ Only 146 out of 1,799 historical monuments and 33 out Only 146 out of 1,799 historical monuments and 33 out of 112 archaeological sites identified thus far have been of 112 archaeological sites identified thus far have been conserved to date.conserved to date.

14- CULTURAL HERITAGE

➤ Preserving the cultural heritage of Pakistan will require Preserving the cultural heritage of Pakistan will require an investment of Rs. 2.45 billion from 1992- 2001 in six an investment of Rs. 2.45 billion from 1992- 2001 in six programmes: programmes: ➤ area conservation in large urban centers of historical and area conservation in large urban centers of historical and

cultural significance and shopping precincts, cultural significance and shopping precincts, ➤ area conservation in small historic towns, area conservation in small historic towns, ➤ conservation of historical monuments and buildings, conservation of historical monuments and buildings, ➤ conservation of archaeological sites, monuments, and forts, conservation of archaeological sites, monuments, and forts, ➤ restoration of buildings of architectural merit, and restoration of buildings of architectural merit, and ➤ identification and documentation of traditional resource identification and documentation of traditional resource

conserving cultural practicesconserving cultural practices

RECOMMENDATIONSFOR CULTURAL HERITAGE

➤ People themselves are not the problem. Indeed, they People themselves are not the problem. Indeed, they must be part of the solution. must be part of the solution.

➤ Plans to hold workshops with key sectors of society on Plans to hold workshops with key sectors of society on its implementation its implementation

➤ The NCS cannot succeed without the cooperation of the The NCS cannot succeed without the cooperation of the people of Pakistan, its ultimate resource.people of Pakistan, its ultimate resource.

IMPLEMENTING THE NCS