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Introduction to Evolution and Nature
of Science
Warm up
Classroom clean up. Your tasks are written on your tables.
Create a Venn Diagram on your own sheet of scratch paper. Compare and contrast similarities between mitosis and meiosis. Use your notes to help you.
FYI: I’m still getting my voice back.
Nature of Science
We will now start our section on evolution. Before we do, we need to understand how science works (nature of science).
What would your definition of science be. Think about it for a minute and then share with your neighbor. Be ready to share out with the class.
Hopefully by the end we will talk about all of your definitions.
Nature of Science
Complete the Nature of Science Survey in the Before column.
Nature of Science
Science can only answer questions that address natural phenomena (things we can see and measure) not questions that are subjective, political, religious, ethical etc.
Science is evidence based: uses standards of evidence and logical ways to answer questions, all of which are based on observations, tests, or other types of data (CAN use the scientific method but not always!)
Nature of Science
Testable and Falsifiable: Can be tested over and over again and can be proven false by evidence
Consistent: A scientific explanation must fit all of the observable facts or it is proved to be untrue.
Practical: The scientific explanation has work in the real world outside of the lab setting.
Nature of Science
Making Explanations: must show a pattern of cause and effect based on observable evidence
Reviewed by Peers: must be open to criticism by other people. Usually other scientists
Self-correcting: Statements are made with caution and scientists always note possible sources of error and degrees of error
Nature of Science
Limitations of Science
Science is not absolute truth: scientific statements are best approximations based on available evidence
Note!: This doesn’t mean it’s not reliable. Take gravity for example.
Science is not Democratic: you cannot vote on science. Science policy and laws may be voted on but science is based only on evidence.
Nature of Science
Limitations of Science:
Confirmation Bias: bad science starts with a belief and then looks for evidence to confirm that belief. Science should start with facts and the beliefs follow after.
Nature of Science
A video: A video of a physics teacher explaining the nature of science. He will probably make more sense than all these notes….
Terms used to Describe Nature of Science
Fact: an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and for all practical purposes assumed to be true. (Ex: Right now we can see the sun If we walk outside)
Do you feel like your perception of science is
changing? How so?
Nature of Science
Terms used to Describe Nature of Science
Hypothesis: a temporary statement about the natural world that can be tested. Used to build more complex inferences and explanations
Law: A descriptive generalization about how the natural world behaves (Ex: objects tend to fall towards the center of the earth.)
Theory: A well-substantiated (well-tested) explanation of the natural world and can incorporate facts, laws, inferences and tested hypotheses.
Nature of Science
3 Things Scientists DO Acknowledge and estimate possible errors Identify their own assumptions Publicize work and ask for criticisms
Nature of Science
It sometimes can be difficult determining what is a scientific claim and what is not. Let’s have a little practice by taking this survey.
Nature of Science
The Nature of Science – You can’t handle the truth!
Directions: Work in groups of 2-3 Go to the class website (hthbio2012.weebly.com) Under Assignments is a Nature of Science Assignment Page. Pick 5 of the sites and determine whether the sites are stating true facts or not. Find at least one site that is stating true data. After you determine whether the sites are true or not support your statement with 3 different reasons. List 1 to 2 reasons why this site can be deceptive or make a reader uncertain if the content in the website is true or not.
Discussion Rules
As we get into evolution, we might be getting into some sensitive subjects. In order to maintain a safe class environment, we will all abide by the following rules:
Listen and give your full attention to the person who is speaking
Only one person speaks at a time
Raise your hand to be recognized if you want to say something
When you disagree with someone, make sure that you make a difference between criticizing someone’s ideas and the person themselves
Be respectful of everyone in the classroom
Encourage everyone to participate
Any other rules we decide at agree on
Natural Selection/Evolution
SurveyComplete the evolution survey
Nature of Science
“Everything you’ve learned in school as ‘obvious’ becomes less and less obvious as you begin to study the universe. For example, there are no solids in the universe. There’s not even a suggestion of a solid. There are no absolute continuums. There are no surfaces. There are no straight lines”
R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983)
“The truth can sometimes be deceptive.”
- Galileo
Warm Up
Finish the Nature of Science website activity.
When you are done, browse through the other website you haven’t visited yet. We will also go over those websites later.
Honors: Take out SAT Book Page 224-245/Video Notes
Nature of Science
Let’s go over the Nature of Science Survey Again. (After column)
Natural Selection
Natural Selection is theory that explains how evolution works. Rather than take notes on natural selection, we are going to do an activity and you will try to come up with a theory for natural selection.
Take out Your Lab Notebooks Title: Modeling Natural Selection Purpose: To model and define how natural
selection works
Natural Selection
Popcorn Reading: As a field scientist…
Procedure: Popcorn Reading
Cut and Paste the front page into Lab Notebook as the procedure.
Practice using your feeding apparatus. Create a section called pre-lab questions and answer the questions on page 2 of your modeling natural selection handout in your lab notebook.
Warm-UP
Clear the tables of everything except a writing utensil and your lab notebook or data sheet.
Practice using your feeding apparatus. Answer the questions on page 2 of your modeling natural selection handout in your lab notebook.
Results
Create a graph of your data that best shows which type of pretendie was best suited for the environment over time.
Conclusion
Answer the post-lab questions as your conclusion.
Warm Up
Take out your annotations and PD
Discuss the evolution reading packet and take the evolution survey. Use the survey as points of discussion. Be ready to share out.
Turn in the list of things you did for engineering in the inbox
Back to Natural Selection
Create a Graph in your lab notebook that shows how the number of different pretendies changed over time. Then answer the post lab questions. Be ready to discuss answers.
Natural Selection Notes
Take out a sheet of paper.
Natural Selection: The gradual process where biological traits become more or less common.
Facts:
1. Overproduction and competition: the population of species has to produce lots of offspring. Offspring compete with each other for food1. Fitness: How many babies you can have that can have babies
2. Individual Variation: Individuals in a population vary (Ex: People look different)
Warm-Up
How would you define fitness? In other words, when you think of someone who is fit, what comes to mind?
Any questions about evolution?
If evolution is about survival of the fittest, do you think there can ever really be true altruism?
Natural Selection Notes
Species organisms that have similar physical features (traits), DNA, and can reproduce to make a fertile offspring. Mules and Ligers are not a species. Why?
Natural Selection Notes
Population a group of the same species living in the same location at the same time
Natural Selection Notes
Fitness the ability of an organism to produce offspring that survive and can reproduce
What is Evolution
Evolution is a change in population overtime and a change in gene pool in a population over generations
Gene pool: all the genes/DNA in the population
Natural Selection Notes
Darwin made two points in the Origin of Species
1 found evidence that new species had evolved from ancestral populations
2 Natural Selection – explains how evolution works
Natural Selection Notes
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 1 Overproduction: organisms produce more
offspring than are able to survive
2 there are difference in appearance of traits found in individuals of the species or organisms of the same species look different from each other
3 Natural Selection is the mechanism for how evolution works.
Natural Selection Notes
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 4 In a specific environment, some traits will
help with survival and reproduction (fitness) more than others
5 Over generations, the population will change to have more traits that help survival and reproduction
Natural Selection Notes
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – contemporary of Darwin who proposed an alternate theory of evolution. Thought that organisms strived to be more perfectly suited to their environment
Natural Selection Notes
Remember (aka Key Points)
A population is the smallest unit that can evolve. Individuals CAN NOT evolve
Natural Selection diminishes (decreases) or amplifies (increases) existing traits
Natural Selection depends on environment
Natural Selection Notes
Why is diversity important in a population?
Increases the likelihood of a species surviving during environmental changes.
Natural Selection
Darwin’s experiment on Natural Selection with Asparagus
Natural Selection
Complete the worksheet to practice explaining how natural selection works in each situation
Warm up
Turn in Introduction to inbox or email the assignment to me. If you already turned it in, that’s fine.
Take out a sheet of paper and title it evidence for evolution. This will be your notes for evidence for evolution.
ANNOUNCEMENT: Treekiller ran out of toner. Please print out work on Chainsaw
Evolution Choice
Evidence for Evolution Watch Darwin’s Dangerous Idea Video: List the
evidence he provides for evolution.
Lab
You can work alone or in groups of 2-3
Finding Homologous Structures Lab Title: Homologous Structures Lab Purpose: To find homologous structures in the same phylum Method: Compare 2 organisms from the same phylum.
Sketch the organisms you are comparing. Label the phylum and the name of the organisms. Look for homologous structures and different structure and list them. (You only need to compare organisms from 6 phylums out of the 9)
Results Conclusion: Are organism in the same phylum more similar
that those from a different phylum? Why or why not?