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National Climate Policy Design & Implementation: Comparative Lessons
& Considerations
John Costenbader, Climate Focus
Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
17 July 2013
Overview
• Introduction / Motivation
• Role of National Framework Climate Policy
• Comparative Perspectives – Brazil
– South Africa
– Australia
– Mexico
• Lessons for Success
• Framework climate policy = blueprint for climate action
• Cohesive clear outline for national climate work – *KISS* – Guiding vision & catalyst for
country – Manage expectations while
keeping country on task
• Integrates low-emissions development goals into powerful driving forces in country (business case)
What is a national climate policy:
• Cannot substitute:
– Brainstorming (green & white papers)
– ‘How-to’ planning (action plans, strategies)
– Detailed sectoral policies (REDD, adaptation, MRV)
– Law (legislation & regulations)
… & what is not:
• Identifies & prioritizes impacts, responses, goals • Promotes balance in competing needs:
– Mitigation vs. adaptation – Different sectors – Environment vs. economic growth/poverty alleviation
• Transparent participation helps ensure national ownership – But need for common understanding: ‘enemy of good is perfect’
• “Less is More” – including too much can mean: – Confusion, conflict in goals, priorities… & low implementation – Stakeholders excluded as few understand; less inter-sectoral
integration – Frequent need for general policy revision
Role of National Framework Climate Policy
General Climate Policy Process Roadmap
ID Issues Expert Inputs Green Paper Public
Comment
White Paper
Public Comment
Climate Policy Action Plan(s)
Public Comment
Legislation Regulations Monitor,
Review, Adapt
National climate policy as common anchor
REDD+
• Timber Harvesting
• Agriculture
Adaptation
• Hazards
• Natural Resource & Ecosystem Resilience
Energy
• Renewables
• Transportation
• LNG
Policy Instruments
• Market-based
• Regulatory
National Policy on Climate Change (2009)
• Sweeping & large (130 pages!)
• Comprehensive multi-stakeholder development
• Mainly focused on energy & forest sectors; overlooks adaptation, water & ecosystems – 2020 deforestation reduction targets for Amazon and Cerrado
– Increases biofuel production, afforestation & hydroelectric generation (overlooking adaptation & water sector impacts)
– Mining & Energy Ministries launched expansion plan w/o coordination w/ CC Policy – conflicts created
• Ongoing policy processes put in place to revise
• Independent review: Sustainable Development Commission
Comparative Perspectives: Brazil
National Climate Change Response Policy (2011)
• Focused heavily on energy & economic aspects
• Extensive public hearings on Green & White Paper versions
• ‘Carbon Budgets’ assess mitigation options costs & benefits
• Proposed range of economic instruments – (incentives, emissions offset or trading mechanisms)
• Relative to 2004 and 2008 policy versions, increased: – Senior leadership ownership
– Water sector, ecosystem & adaptation considerations
– Short, medium & long-term vision (strategies up to 2050)
Comparative Perspectives: South Africa
• Initial voluntary measures ineffective (BAU)
• Later legislation developed without unifying national policy: ad hoc measures, some conflicting – reducing emissions via carbon pricing (energy & land use)
– originally little consideration of water, ecosystems, biodiversity
• 2007 National Climate Change Adaptation Framework – focused on research and planning
• Integration / coordination mechanisms: • Multi-Party Climate Change Committee (2010)
• Select Council on Climate Change (2011)
– Independent review: “state-of-the-environment” reporting
Comparative Perspectives: Australia
National Strategy on Climate Change (2007) & Special Program on Climate Change (2009–2012)
- Numerous policies, but unclear implications on ecosystems & water
- Largely mitigation-focused (biofuels, hydro, forests)
- Strong institutional development: Multi-stakeholder & expert-based
- Lack lower level implementation mechanisms
Comparative Perspectives: Mexico
Common ‘Success Elements’
• Public inputs given valued, meaningful role
• Balancing trade-offs (sectors; mit & adapt) – Targeting integrated, no/low regrets solutions
• Cyclical review processes (built-in flexibility of policy to respond to new understandings)
• Review & accountability mechanisms
• Senior leadership engaged
• Multi-level governance/implementation mechanisms (all ministries & subnational govts)
• Clear national targets to drive action & attract finance
Thank you for listening!
John Costenbader [email protected]