Nanotechnology

History and background on nanotechnologyImportance of nano-sized devicesApplicationsRelation to ME 325Case studyFuture expectations

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale (Usually between 1nm – 100nm)Comparison: A human hair is about 100,000nm in diameterNot new products, a new way of production

Topic introduced first by Richard Feynman at Caltech in 1959.Gordon Moore observed that silicon transistors were undergoing a continual process of scaling downward 1965Nanotechnology was first defined by Tokyo Science University in a paper in 1974. Process of atomic layer deposition for depositing uniform thin films one at a time was developed by Dr. Tuomo Suntola and Co-workers in 1974. Nanotechnology was conceptually explored in depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler in 1980sCluster science was born in the 1980s and the scanning tunnelingmicroscope was invented. Fullerenes was discovered in 1985Nano-tube based nanotechnology was developed further in 90s.

Present practices in nanotechnology are both stochastic and deterministic

Saving of resources◦ Products can be made with much less raw material◦ Cost reduction through batch production◦ Reduced energy to produce and operate productsSize reduction◦ Saves space◦ Tighter tolerances◦ Negligible weight of productDevelopment of life quality◦ Higher strengthImprovement of existing technologies

Exponential Proliferation: manufacturing systems which will make more manufacturing systemsVastly accelerated product improvementApplicable to all industries and economic sectorsInexpensive raw materials, potentially negligible capital costsPortable, desktop size factoriesGlobal transformation

Applied physicsMaterials scienceElectrical engineeringInterface and colloid scienceDevice physicsSupra molecular chemistryChemical engineeringMechanical engineering

Medical applications:◦ Wound dressings employing antimicrobial properties of nanocrystalline silver◦ Potential for use as vehicles for gene and drug delivery

Military applications:◦ Nanopolymers developed to spray on soldier and act as fabric to break down

chemical and biological warfare agents. Biosensors to monitor a soldiers health. ◦ Nano sized silicon carbide particles for physical protection.

Environmental Applications:◦ Nanoparticles used as filters to attract contaminants which can be removed

magnetically at a later time.

Cosmetics:◦ Nano-titanium dioxide and zinc oxide used in sunscreens to absorb and reflect

UV light. Applications in solar power

Fine powders used to create stronger materials.◦ Used to make drill bits as hard as diamiond.

Can be metallic or semiconductingPromising potential to create nanoelectronic devices, computers, and circuitsThermal and electrical conductingImpressive mechanical properties: Young’s Modulus over 1 Tera Pascal – stiff as diamondEstimated tensile strength of 200GPa – ideal for reinforced composites and nanoelectromechanical systems

When CNT conduct electricity they can create binary code.

Think 1s and 0s at a nano level which allow for faster smaller processors

Nano- Sensors have many applicationsNano-sensors for security and military applications◦ monitor heart rateNano-wire sensors that detect chemicals and biologicsNano-sensors placed in blood cells to detect early radiation damage in astronautsNano-shells that detect and destroy tumorsLaser Nano sensors for measuring surface roughness, thickness of materials Motorola working with Arizona State towards integrating nano-sensors in cell phones

Different forces are important on the nano-scale◦ Electrical forces are a priorityNegligible weightSize reduction affects volume to surface area ratio◦ Friction becomes more important◦ Density and volume are negligibleDifferent analysis and importance of forces must be performed

Crack propagation◦ Cracks function differently on nanoscale◦ Study of nucleation of atoms becomes importantNanotechnology and lubricants◦ Reduce friction between parts◦ Increase lifeMaterials with improved properties◦ When a material is made at a nano scale it has

much better properties, because there are fewer impurities and defects

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)

•The future of television

•As electricity passes over the thin nonopolymer film layer it produces color and light.

•More dots of lights means a better picture.

These nanopolymer films require less power and in the future will be much cheaper to makeThe screens are have much more detail on a fraction of the sizeThese screens are 2 mm thick and 2.5 inches wide.Its so flexible someday it might be woven into clothes for invisibility.

Virtually endless possibilitiesWhat is likely:◦ Smaller sizes and tolerances in design◦ Smaller, faster computer chips◦ Water treatment◦ Medicinal purposes◦ Increased bandwith through more efficient optical

spectrumOther possibilities:◦ Nano-sized weaponry◦ Agricultural applications

Cost and material reduction◦ Changing the way we manufactureMethods of applying◦ CNT◦ MEMS◦ SensorsDemand increasingFuture potential◦ Funding for research◦ Multiple fields utilizing nanotechnology

http://www.kodak.com/US/plugins/acrobat/en/corp/display/SID2000.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/memshttp://www.ipp.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.htmlhttp://crnano.typepad.com/.shared/image.html?/photos/uncategorized/4_gen_1.JPGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://hplusart.org/images2/nanorepair.jpg&imgrefurl=http://hplusart.org/COMINGTECH.htm&h=380&w=400&sz=26&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=21zormu9oUX4CM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnano%2Btechnology%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mic.dtu.dk/upload/the%2520electronic%2520patch/plaster%2520koncept%2520pulsoxy%25203sdu%2520text1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mic.dtu.dk/English/Research/MEMS/MEMSAppliedSensors/Research/The%2520Electronic%2520Patch.aspx&h=343&w=455&sz=25&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=kLBrnlmTRs7lcM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnano%2Bsensors%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

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