More pork and less parasites: a farm to fork approach for assessment and management of

pork meat associated diseases in Uganda

Kristina Roesel, Peter-Henning Clausen, Reinhard Fries, Maximilian Baumann, Karsten Noeckler and Delia Grace

Parasitologisches Kolloquium, Freie Universität Berlin

18th October 2013 in Berlin, Germany

• Context of PhD thesis

• PhD thesis: objectives activities preliminary results outlook

• Acknowledgements

Outline:

Context

Joint appointment

coordinator ILRI-led project “Safe Food, Fair Food”

• 2012-2015

• BMZ/GIZ funded 1.2m € • 4.5 countries

• 9 partner institutions • Approx. 20 partners

• 11 postgraduate students

PhD student FUB (DRS)

• 2012-2015

• Peter-Henning Clausen (FUB) • Reinhard Fries (FUB) • Delia Grace (ILRI)

• Karsten Noeckler (BfR) • Max Baumann (FUB)

Context

CGIAR global partnership for a food secure future

• Poverty alleviation through agricultural research

• 15 research centers

• Since 2012 16 multi-center

research programs: Solution-

driven R4D to achieve impact

• ILRI is leading 2 major programs

Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers

R4D integrated to transform selected value chains

In targeted commodities and countries.

Value chain development team + research partners

To sustainably increase the productivity of

small-scale livestock and fish systems to increase

the availability and affordability of animal-source

foods for poor consumers.

Research program on livestock & fish: more meat, milk and fish for and by the poor

8 Target Value Chains

PIGS

AQUACULTURE

SHEEP & GOATS

DAIRY

Research program on nutrition & health

• Program led by IFPRI

• 4 components; ILRI is leading “prevention and control of agriculture-associated diseases” – Food borne diseases

– Emerging infectious diseases

– Neglected zoonoses

– Ecohealth/ OneHealth

http://aghealth.wordpress.com/

Safe Food, Fair Food risk-based approaches to improving food safety and market access in informal markets in sub Saharan Africa

Funded by BMZ/GIZ

(German Federal Minstry for Economic Cooperation and Development/

International Agency for International Cooperation)

Food safety in sub-Saharan Africa

World wide per year >2 billion cases of diarrhea and 1.5 million deaths of children under 5

80% of child deaths due to diarrhea in South Asia and Africa

Animal source foods are single most important source of food borne disease (FBD)

In sub-Saharan Africa >80% of animal source foods sold through informal markets

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

FBD

Malar

ia

Mea

sles

Can

cer (

all)

Tuber

culosis

HIV

Ca

se

s p

er

ye

ar

informal markets: “absence of structured safety inspection”

10

Problems at policy level

Current food safety management seems to be neither effective nor efficient

Tendency to adopt international food quality standards and hazard-based regulations without considering local contexts

Food safety communication trivializing

11

• Trivializing

• Scaring

• Defaming

Kampala news June 2012

But how to deal with informal markets?

Ban or promote?

Zero-risk/ hazard-based policy? „if in doubt, keep it out“

Is there an acceptable level of risk?

How can participation help improving food safety?

13

Risk analysis or Risk-Based Decision Making in informal marketing systems

Based on evidence not perceptions

Clear distinction between risk and hazard!

Hazard = anything that causes harm

Risk = probability + consequences

Risk analysis = structured approach for evaluating and dealing with risks

Codex Alimentarius Commission framework for food safety risk assessment

Safe Food, Fair Food: 3 main components

Assessment of food safety in selected value chains: priority setting

Action research on priority food safety issues in these chains: pilot best-bet interventions

Enabling environments: engagement with Regional Economic Communities (REC) and Capacity building

Partners

Centre Suisse des

Recherches

Scientifiques en Côte

d’Ivoire

Senegal

Addis Ababa University

Ethiopia

Nairobi University

Kenya

Sokoine University of

Agriculture

Tanzania

Makerere University

Uganda International partners: Freie Universität Berlin & BfR

Assessment of the parasitic burden in the smallholder pig value chain

and implications for public health in Uganda

PhD thesis

Context: Pigs and pork in Uganda

• Highest per capita consumption in SSA (3.4 kg)

• Explosion in pig numbers over the past 30 years (0.19 to 2.3/3.2 million pigs)

• Mostly in hands of small holders

• “piggy bank”

• 70% consumed in urban areas

• “pork joint” phenomenon

Input suppliers

Pig farm

Live pig traders

Slaughter

Transport

Retail

Consumer

• Systematic literature review

• Situational analyses

• Qualitative assessment 1,400 pig farmers

• Questionnaire surveys with value chain actors

• Farm prevalence survey 1,200 pigs

ASF, Taenia solium, Brucella suis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spp., Sarcoptes spp., GIT helminths, Trypanosoma spp., Ebola virus

• Mapping of pork outlets in Kampala

• Qualitative assessment with 100 pork consumers and 200 mothers of children <5yrs

• Descriptive survey abattoir and biological sampling

Salmonella spp., Brucella suis

Integration: pig value chain assessment

Enab

ling

envi

ron

me

nt

Hypothesis

In Uganda, the intensification level affects the parasitic burden of pigs and hence the output and profitability of pig farming as well as risk to human health associated with pork borne parasites.

Goal

Contribute to improving selected smallholder pig value chains in Uganda by increasing the knowledge on prevalent parasitic diseases with particular emphasis on the zoonotic ones.

Objective 1:

To understand whether parasites are perceived as a production constraint by farmers Approach: Participatory appraisal on animal health constraints for pig farmers • November 2012-February 2013: 24 participatory appraisals

conducted with pig farmers (73 men + 135 women) • perceived as top 3 diseases in all villages by farmers: 1. swine fever 2. worms 3. mange

Objective 2:

To estimate the parasitic burden in pigs and pork at farm, slaughter and retail outlet level in 3 value chain types in Uganda

Approach:

• estimate the parasitic burden in pigs at farm level using conventional parasitological and serological techniques (May-October 2013)

• estimate parasitic infections in pigs and pork at slaughter and retail outlet level using forward tracing and meat inspection (December 2013)

May-July 2013:

2-stage random sampling at farm level

stool and serum collected from approximately 1,200 pigs in 30 villages

“real time diagnostics” in the field lab:

combined sedimentation and flotation (gastrointestinal helminths)

thin blood smears from jugular EDTA blood (haemoparasites)

Convenient sample ectoparasites

Haematopinus suis Amblyomma variegatum

• September-October 2013: Serological analyses at FLI

– FLI Inhouse ELISA Toxoplasma gondii (toxo p30) – 2 versions

– Commercial ELISA Priocheck Toxo Ab porcine

– Commercial ELISA Priocheck Trichinella Ab

– FUB Inhouse ELISA Sarcoptes suis

Objectives 3+4:

To identify risk factors contributing to parasitic infections in pigs and pork and 4. To identify current practices that increase or reduce risks to public health associated with pork consumption

Approach:

• participatory appraisal on husbandry and management practices at farm level; slaughter level; pork preparation and consumption patterns at ready-to-eat market outlets – 24 participatory appraisals conducted with pig farmers (including slaughter

practices)

– Descriptive study at Wambizzi slaughter house in Kampala

– 10 participatory appraisals conducted with pork consumers (pig farmers)

• Literature review

• Oral presentation slaughterhouse study at AITVM 2013 in Johannesburg, RSA (August 2013)

• Poster presentation at Ecohealth conference in Abidjan, CI (October 2013) Award for best poster!

5. To assess the risk to public health through the consumption of pork infested with parasites (on-going)

6. To develop and test one intervention to reduce the parasitic burden in pigs (February – August 2014)

Acknowledgements:

• Peter-Henning Clausen, Reinhard Fries, Max Baumann, Karsten Noeckler, Delia Grace

• Danilo Pezo, Emily Ouma, Michel Dione, Natalie Carter, Paul Basaija, Rachel Miwanda, Tom Randolph

• Joseph Kungu, Joseph Erume, Angella Musewa, Joyce Akol, Katie Holmes, Dickson Ndoboli, Rodric Alinaitwe, Steven Kakooza, Maria Tumwebaze

• Peggy Hoffmann-Koehler, Katharina Seidl, Ard Nijhof, Antje Hoppenheit, Juergen Kruecken

• Gereon Schares, Andrea Baerwald

• Wambizzi Coorporative Society Ltd: Simon Lubega, Paul Sserubiri, Justine Nabukeera, Thomas Kasule, Fredrick Kibuuka, Richard Sekasanvu and Margaret, Jane Lwanira, David Walabyeki and the abattoir workers.

• the pig farmers in Uganda

• Hubertus Schnorr

This work is financed by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany through the Safe Food, Fair Food project.

The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.

Kristina Roesel Project coordinator “Safe Food, Fair Food” ILRI-Kampala k.roesel@cgiar.org https://safefoodfairfood.wordpress.com/ Better lives through livestock www.ilri.org

THANK YOU!