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European cooperation Network on Energy Transition in Electricity
RobertoPrietoCEIUPM- CenterforIndustrialElectronicsofUPM
SESSION2:SMARTGRIDSCHALLENGES:THEVISIONOFTECHNOLOGICALCENTRES
WORKSHOP“DEFININGSMARTGRIDS:CONDITIONSFORSUCCESSFULIMPLEMENTATION”
Barcelona,9thFebruary2017
▪ Hierarchicalarchitecture▪ Powerconvertersasinterfaces
¢ Energy Control Center (ECC)¢ Individual power supplies¢ Bus providers
▪ Distributedgeneration¢ Renewable sources¢ Traditional generators
▪ Energystoragesystems▪ SmartGrid
Microgrid
µ-ECC
Utilitymains
Nanogridn-ECC
Picogrid
p-ECC
▪ DCnativeloadsandsources¢ Photovoltaic, batteries, fuel cells…¢ Consumer electronics, LED lighting
▪ Centralpowerfactorcorrector¢ Less conversion stages at device level¢ No need for AC/DC power adapters
▪ Simplersmallerconverterinterfaces¢ No need for synchronization¢ Less components: no rectification¢ No need for low frequency bulk capacitors
in each power supply
▪ DCcurrentdisconnection¢ Reliable DC circuit breakers¢ Plugs and sockets
▪ Busesandwiring¢ Lack of reliable standard¢ How many voltage levels do we need?
▪ Droopcontrolandhierarchicalcontrol¢ Distributed control and communication network¢ Implementation in converter controller loop
▪ Energymanagement¢ Energy storage and distributed generators¢ Islanding and grid connection¢ Power converters are essential for energy flows
» Imagesource:Nextek PowerSystems&EMerge Alliance
▪ 3φ – 380VDCn-ECC▪ 380Vdistribution▪ LVDCroompicogrids
¢ Safe voltage level¢ Limited power¢ Internal bus¢ Channel distribution
▪ PHEVpicogrid¢ Smart battery
management
▪ Bidirectionalconverters¢ Enhanced flexibility
n-ECC
p-ECC
p-ECC
Picogrid2LVDC
Picogrid1PHEV
Nanogrid380V
Internalbus
▪ Maindistributionbus– 380VDCnanogrid¢ Widely used in datacenters¢ Low wire losses¢ Supplies high power equipment and p-ECC¢ High power distributed generation and bulk energy storage
▪ PHEVbus¢ Follows PHEV charging standards¢ High power, medium voltage, short bus
▪ LVDCbuses¢ Voltages yet to be determined¢ Internal medium voltage bus¢ Power distribution through extra low voltage, low power independent
channels¢ Consumer electronics, LED lighting, low power generation…
Design
Model
Simulation
Satisfactory?
No
Implementation
Satisfactory?
No
Yes
Nanogrid
Others
Controlsystem
Powerconverters
▪ Offtheshelf– Internal architecture
unknown– Difficult to find models
Black-boxmodelling
Ensure stability
Grid
AC/DC
DC/DC
AC/DC
DC/DC
DC/AC
DC/DC
DC/DC
DC/DCDC/DC
DC/DCDC/DC
DC/DC
𝑉"#$ = 380V
𝑉"#$ = 48V 𝑉"#$ = 24V 𝑉"#$ = 12V
Grid
???
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
??
𝑉"#$ = 380V
𝑉"#$ = 48V 𝑉"#$ = 24V 𝑉"#$ = 12V
DCbussignalingVoltagedroopcontrol
Grid converter Batteries Renewable sources
∆𝑉
∆𝐼 ∆𝐼 ∆𝐼
Lineal
• G-parametersmodel
• Linealormildy non-linealsystems
Wiener-Hammerstein
• Non-linealstaticbehavior
• Linealdynamics
Polytopic
• Non-linealsystems• Trade-offbetweenaccuracyandcomplexity
Black-boxmodelling
Non-Linearstatic
behavior
u yInputLineal
dynamic
OutputLineal
dynamic
u y
StudiedDCnanogrid
Blackbox polytopic model
Droopcontrol
Droopcontrol
Doublecontrolloopwithcurrentlimitation
Droop
Current sharing
StudiedDCnanogrid
Blackbox polytopic model
Droopcontrol
Droopcontrol
Doublecontrolloopwithcurrentlimitation
Operation mode change
Loaddisconnection
StudiedDCnanogrid
Blackbox polytopic model
Droopcontrol
Droopcontrol
Doublecontrolloopwithcurrentlimitation
Voltage restoration