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Minerals
By: Rabbi Goldberg
Introduction
• The lithosphere is made of one or more naturally formed materials called ROCK. – All Rocks are made up minerals
• Monominerelic – made up of one mineral
• Polymineralic- a rock made up of more than one mineral
One Mineral
Minerals
• Minerals – Are naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline
solid materials with definite chemical composition, structure, and specific physical properties
• Scientist have discovered over 2,400 minerals in the world.
• Around 12 of them make up 90% of all the rocks – These minerals are
nicknamed rockformers.
Characteristics of minerals in rocks
• Minerals can be made up of one element or more than more element
• The most abundant ( plenty of ) element is oxygen with silicon coming in #2
How can we tell what type of mineral were are looking at?
• Minerals are identified based upon physical and chemical properties – Color – Luster – Cleavage vs fracture – Streak – Crystal form – Etc…….
Color
• The outside color of the mineral can help identify very few minerals. – Such as
• Sulfur
• This is most minerals have more than one color and very few have a distinct color
Hardness
• Hardeness- is the resitence of a mineral being scratched – Hard mineral will make
a mark on a softer mineral
Hardness continued
• Moh’ Scale of Hardness – List 10 minerals from
soft to the hardest • #1 is talc with is the
softect mineral • #10 is diamonds which
is the hardest mineral
– By using this list we can determine which minerals will scratch the other
Hardness continued
• For example if a mineral cant scratch quartz but can scratch feldspar What number of harness is it?– Answer is ______
Streak
• Is the color of powder of a mineral when it is either crushed or scratched on on a streak plate – The color of the
mineral might be different then the color of the streak
Luster
• Luster – If you would look at the
mineral in light what type reflection would it give off
• It might shine like metal and therefore would have a metallic luster
OR
• it might not shine like metal and therefore would be called non metallic luster
Cleavage vs. Fracture
• Lets say I would break a mineral
• If the mineral breaks with smooth edges or surfaces it is said to have _______________
• If the mineral has jaggered or rough surface by the break then it is said to be _______________.
Crystal formation
• This depends on the atomic structure of the mineral – Is the mineral formed
under the amount of pressure
– Two mineral with similar properties can be distinguished by their crystal formation
Specific gravity
• The ratio of the weight of a mineral to equal volume of water – A mineral with specific
gravity 3.0 will be 3x heavier then the equal volume of water
– Specific gravity = density
Special Properties
• Some mineral have special properties – Calcite will bubble
carbon dioxide when dropped in hydrochloric acid
– Halite – tastes salty – Magnetite – is
magnetic
Mineral Properties
• Minerals are crystalline – The atoms inside are bonded
in a particular way • Two mineral with the same
chemical composition (make up) CAN HAVE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES
– Graphite and diamonds are both chemically made up the same materials
» Diamonds are under extreme pressure and therefore their crystalline composition is closer together and stronger than graphite