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MINE ENARGIA Concetto 2k13
Mining Hazards and Safety
B. Lokeshnath Yadav (2nd
year)
B.Tech in Mining Engineer
with DD with M.Tech
ISM, DHANBAD
IS MINE A SAFE PLACE TO WORK?
Of course Mining is hazardous profession….
Hence our endeavor to bring down the
hazards by all available means to an
acceptable level must continue
Why…??
• The job involves the extraction of precious
stones and minerals deep within the earth.
• In addition, miners use heavy machinery and
other specialized equipment and tools that
can be risky to operate.
• Mining is considered as toughest job next to
Army in USA.!!
Indian Scenario…
• The Mining Industry in India is a major economic
activity which contributes to the major economy
of India.
• Since Mining in India is not fully mechanized,
mine hazards prevail more commonly.
• Hence Indian Government established an
organized body called DGMS in Dhanbad,
Jharkhand
Role of DGMS...
• Inspection of Mines
• Investigation into-
- accidents
- dangerous occurrence
- emergency response
• Approval of mine safety equipment, material & appliances
• Certification of Explosives to be used in mines.
• Promotes Safety Education and Awareness Programmes.
Trends in Fatal accidents and Death rates in Coal mines:
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2005
2009
2010
2011
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
No.of fatal accidentsNo. of persons killed
Source: Annual Report 2011 of DGMS
HAZARDS OF MINING
Some Hazards that Miners face:
• Cave-ins, Ground and Rock Fall.
• Side fall and collapse of Pillars.
• Gas Explosions.
• Chemical Leaks.
• Electrocution.
• Fires.
• Ground Movements.
• Haulages and Machinery
• Miscellaneous.
Cave-ins, ground and Roof falls:
• A cave-in occurs when a geologic formation, mine or
structure collapses, usually during mining or
tunneling.
• This underground mining accident occurs when proper
safety measures have not been done on the walls and
ceiling of the mineshaft.
• Generally roof supporting is done by various
techniques like roof bolting, timber and steel supports.
Safety Measures against Cave-ins and Roof Falls:
• Geo mechanical properties of overlying rocks are studied
and scientifically designed support systems on the basis of
ROCK-MASS-RATING (RMR) are applied.
• Strata control cells have been established in all coal
subsidiaries.
• Introduction of Mechanized Drilling by roof bolting
machines.
• Emphasis on development of indicators for detecting
impending load on roof.
One man operated compact mechanized cable bolter that delivers long term reinforcement to underground mines and a means for production and dilution control to mass mining methods
20072008
20092010
2011
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Distribution of Fatal Roof Fall Accidents by Company:
CIL SCCL TISCOSource: Annual Report 2011 of DGMS
Hazards caused by Side Fall:• Failure to make and keep the sides secure by providing
benches of safe height and adequate width or by sloping
• Creating dangerous overhang by undercutting
• Not taking adequate safety measures in geologically
disturbed ground
• Collapse of partings or pillars during extraction of
developed coal seams
• Inadequate inspection of the sides
Safety Measures against Side Fall:• Side of working should be kept secure.
• Support should be set as per systematic support
rules.
• Fencing should be provided in unauthorized
area.
• Stress on face mechanization to reduce
exposure of workmen in active working zone.
Major Side Fall Accidents in India:•Shivrajpur Manganese Mine, Gujrat on
06.12.1910. No. of Persons Killed – 12.
•Bhatti Bajri Mines, on 10th January 1983.
•Bajri / Badarpur Sand Mine on 16th , 24th
January 1983.
Gas Explosions:
• Gas Explosion is a common accident in coal mines
caused by the build up of methane gas (CH4).
• Methane gas and Dust Explosions can also be
triggered by frictional heat and sparks produced
by mining equipment.
• The presence of inflammable gases in
underground mine causes fatal damage.
Measures to be taken against Gas Explosions:
• To prevent pockets of gas from forming, the work
area must be properly Ventilated at all times.
• Make sure the equipment used in coal mines does
not have defects that can create sparks and set off
explosion.
• Maintain reasonable working conditions with
respect to temperature, humidity and amount of
airborne dust.
Fire Accidents:Fires in Mining happen due to different factors
like –
• Gas Leaks
• Electrical defects
• Flammable chemical spills.
• Blasting
• Lighting of fire near exposure of Coal
Safety Measures to be taken against Fire Accidents:
• No petrol power equipment must be permitted.
• Hard held extinguishers should be provided in
various places in mines.
• All underground equipment containing more than
100 liters of flammable hydraulic fluid must be fitted
with an automatic suppression system with suitable
manual activation.
• Storage of flammable substances must be minimized.
Modern Fire extinguishing Systems:• Fire sprinkler system.
• Water spray Deluge system.
• Water mist system
• Foam system.
• Vehicle Fire suppression.
• Breathing apparatus.
• Gas detection system.
Major Fire accidents in History:
Lady Rangi Mica Mine 19 killed on
12.04.1932
Loyabad Colliery 35 killed on
30.01.1936
Jagannath OCP 10 killed on
24.06.1981
New Kenda 55 killed on
25.01.1994
Danger of Inundations:
•Sources of surface water like-
▫Rivers and Nallahs.
▫Tanks and Reservoirs.
▫Accumulated water in old open cast
workings or in low lying areas.
Contd.
• Water from these sources can enter into
Underground Mines through-
1. Shafts and Inclines.
2. Bore holes and geological disturbances like
faults.
3. Broken grounds over caved groves
4. Openings and breaches created by collapse
of overlying strata.
Measures to be taken against Inundations:
• No working should be done vertically below any
river, lake or other reservoir.
• Shaft sites should be located away from faults and
other geological disturbances.
• In case of presence of highly water bearing strata
in the vicinity of the proposed working mining
should be so planned as not to disturb the water
bearing strata.
2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
5
10
15
20
25
TREND IN FATAL ACCIDENTS DUE TO DIFFERENT CAUSES IN NON-COAL MINES
Roof fall Transportation machineryExplosive Electricity
Souce: Annual report DGMS 2011
Environmental Hazards of Mining:
Unregulated mining has the potential to release harmful substances into the soil, air and water
Air-Borne Hazard
• Several types of particulates.
• Naturally occurring Gases.
• Engine exhaust.
• Some chemical vapours.
Physical Hazard
• Noise.
• Segmental vibration
• Heat and changes in Barometric pressure
• Ionizing radiation.
• Acid Mine Drainage
(AMD)
• Heavy Metal
Contamination
• Processing chemical
pollution
• Erosion and
Sedimentation
Specific Contaminants:
Radio Nuclides
Dust & Metal
Health Hazards :
• Physical accidents: Traumatic injury remains a significant problem
and ranges from the trivial to the fatal .
• Chemical Hazards: Crystalline Silica is a serious hazard in mining,
which leads to Silico-Tuberculosis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease, Lung Cancer, Skin splashes with cyanide solutions are
hazardous
• Biological Hazards: The risk of tropical diseases such as malaria and
dengue fever is substantial at some remote mining locations.
Leptospirosis and Ankyloatomiasis.
• Other Psychosocial hazards, Ergonomic hazards.
Need of an Effective Mine Closure Plan:
Other Hazards:
• Explosives - Poorly designed shots can result
in misfires, early ignition and flying rocks.
• Transporting - Vehicle movements
particularly while reversing and Brake failure.
• Face Stability - Rock fall or slide due to geo-
mechanical properties of rock present at
active working face.
Contd.
•Electrical Hazards - Electric shock and/or burn,
Ignition of firedamp or coal dust, Fire arising
from electric defects.
•Rope Haulage - Runaway of tubs due to
breakage of rope, failure of attachment to rope,
failure of couplings and drawbars, Rope should
be selected properly and maintained with care.
Other Safety Measures-
• Permanent lighting should be provided in places
where equipment can be hazardous.
• Cables should be provided with double wire armoring.
• Inspect earthing point regularly.
• Storage of flammable substances must be minimized.
• Haulage curves should be properly designed and
constructed and Bad patches in the track should be
corrected.
Contd.
• Regular examination of face must be done and
remedial measures must be taken to make it safe if
there is any doubt that a collapse could take place.
• Vocational training should be given to mine workers
to prepare them to face the challenges of mining.
• Emergency Response system and emergency action
plans are to be designed for mine.
Conclusion:
•Safety is the major concern in mining
industry.
•The hazardous risk of any industry should
be low to attain profits.
•In future, the Mining industry may be
fully modernized by advanced technology
like Automation and Remote
operations.
THANK YOU
Queries…