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Improved Understanding of Landuse Change using Geospatial Technologies and Geovisualization:
Case Studies of Historical Agricultural Landuse and Tornado Damage in a Forest Preserve
Marguerite MaddenProfessor and Director
Center for Geospatial Research (CGR) Department of Geography, University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia USA www.crms.uga.edu
INTEREXPO GEO-SIBERIA-2014 - April 16-18, 2014
“As a plot of ground that has for almost three hundred years been devoted to agricultural pursuits or the
interpretation of historic agriculture, Wormsloe is an inviting case study to deal with regional themes of land use, the preservation of historic and natural landscapes, and the place of agriculture and people within the environment.”
“Wormsloe is a typical southern space, a place where cotton and cornfields were as prevalent as woods and
marshes and farm work was the most common way that people interacted with the environment.”
Drew Swanson, Remaking Wormsloe Plantation: The Environmental History of a Lowcountry Landscape (2013)The University of Georgia Press
Stresses the centrality of agroecosystems, especially in southern landscapes.
Tommy Jordan CGR Associate Director
Objectives:
1) Brief introduction to the Wormsloe Historic Site and interdisciplinary research by the Wormsloe Institute for Environmental History (WIEH)-UGA .
2) Use of LiDAR data and spatio-temporal data sets to assess current landscapes related to historical landuse legacy of disturbance/transition.
3) Demonstrate 3D reconstruction of historic buildings, landscapes and artifacts with cloud-based Surface from Motion photogrammetry and geovisualization
Wormsloe State Historic Site
Charleston, SC
Savannah, GA
WormsloeHistoric Site
Wormsloe
Colonial Settlement
Slave Cabins
Main House
Rice Mill
Former Cotton Fields
Pine Bark Beetle Damage
1920s Dairy
Shell Middens
Whiskey Stills
Wormsloe Historic Site, Isle of Hope, Georgia
“…the story of one family’s continuous land stewardship that has lasted almost three centuries to date.” (Swanson, 2012)
Shell Midden – Native American inhabitants 4000 BC
Tabby ruins of the fortified house - Noble and Sarah Jones, with children Mary and Noble Wimberly among the 22 “Trustees” who left England in 1732 to colonize Georgia
Wormsloe Plantation House 1828
Silo from 1920s dairy barn
Formal gardens at Wormsloe opened for tourists 1930s
1840s cabin
• 1800– Isle of Hope map
• 1828– Plan for original
Wormsloe house• 1870
– Hand drawn map of roads, fields and buildings
• 1871– Plan for proposed
causeway to Skidaway Island
• 1890– Hand drawn map of
roads, fields and buildings
– Stereo photo cards• 1897
– Hand drawn and colored map of roads, fields, fence lines, drainage ditches and buildings
– Trees and plantings with species labeled
• 1908– Crude map of fields and
land cover
Historical Data
How does1897landuselegacy shape vegetation pattern and process today?
Clearing
Evergreen
Mixed Forest
Residential
33 PermanentVegetation
Plots
represent current vegetation communities
located within the 1897landuse legacies
http://www.wormsloeinstitute.org/
North East
South West
Canopy
Placing a Historical Plantation in an Ecological Context, Geography M.S. Thesis by Carey Burda (2011) determined effects of historical land uses on vegetation structure.
Vegetation Plots
Vegetation Plot
Landscape perspective
LiDAR return types:Type 1: singular returnType 2: first of many returnsType 3: intermediate returnsType 4: last of many returns
Objective 1: Derive canopy stratification & LiDAR metrics according to Miura & Jones (2010)
Used QCoherent LP360 extension to ArcGIS tostratify the canopy
Strata #
ClassLayers
Elevation Range (m)
0 Ground ≤01 Litter >0.001 and ≤0.52 Low Veg1 >0.5 and ≤ 1.53 Low Veg 2 >1.5 and ≤ 54 Medium 1 >5 and ≤ 105 Medium 2 >10 and ≤206 High 1 >20 and ≤ 307 High 2 >30
Description LiDAR
Type
Miura & Jones
(2010)
correlated field
variables
Formula (adapted from Miura & Jones, 2010)
OG Opening above the ground
Ground Type 1
Total volume coarse woody debris
OL Opening above low vegetation
LowVeg Types 1 & 2
Field mean canopy cover
VL Presence of understory vegetation
Low Veg Types 1,2,3, & 4
LAI for vegetation < 1 meter
CC Canopy coverMedium Veg Types 1 & 2 and High Veg Types 1 & 2
Field derived canopy cover
OM Opening above medium vegetation
Medium Veg Types 1 & 2
Opening above
medium
vegetation
1810 Hand drawn map, De Renne Family Collection Hargrett1897 Hand drawn map, Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library1908 Hand drawn map, Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library1912 Topographic map, Army Corps of Engineers/USGS1933 Hand drawn map, US Coast & Geodetic Survey/Air Photos1937 Hand drawn Map, US Dept. of Agriculture1945 Topographic Map, USGS1957 Topographic Map, USGS1971 Aerial Photograph, B&W, Skidaway Inst. for Oeanography1976 Aerial Photograph, B&W, UGA Map Library1988 Aerial Photograph, B&W, USGS-NHAP1999 Aerial Photograph, CIR, USGS-NAPP2009 Aerial Photograph, Color, NAIP-USDA
Identified Vegetation at each Longterm Vegetation Plot over 200-year period:
Disturbance & Transition: Antebellum (1810-1860)
Postbellum (1870-1910)Pine Beetle Infestation (1970-present)
Plot No. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
Disturbance Score
Disturbance Class
1Evergreen forest Mixed forest Mixed forest Mixed forest Mixed forest 6 low
2Evergreen forest
Evergreen forest
Evergreen forest
Evergreen forest Evergreen forest 10 medium
3 Field Field Field Field Evergreen forest 14 high
4 Field Field Field Field Field 15 high
5 Field Field Field Field Field 15 high
6 Mixed forest Mixed forest Mixed forest Mixed forest Mixed forest 5 low
7 Mixed forest Mixed forest Mixed forest Mixed forest Mixed forest 5 low
Disturbance Score
1. Disturbance level= based on impact land cover would have on current vegetation structure, plots were classified as having low, moderate, high levels of disturbance.
Plot No. Antebellum Postbellum Pine Beetle Transition Score Transition Class1 high low low 1 moderate2 high medium low 2 high3 medium high low 2 high4 medium high low 2 high5 high high medium 1 moderate6 low low low 0 low7 low low low 0 low
Transition Score
2. Transition score = # times shift in disturbance level within the 3 time periods.
DCA OrdinationLiDAR metrics input to Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) Ordination – clustered plots are similar
Veg Plot 21
Den
se
to
Sp
arse
Mid
-Sto
rey
Low Canopy Ht/More Open to High Canopy Ht/Less Open Mid-Storey
Axis 1: P < 0.05
Axis 1: P < 0.05 (Significant Groups!)
Wormsloe: 1909 DeRenne Library
Dr. CJ Jackson, GSU and UGA-SKIO, collected TLS data of existing cabin and building site with Riegl VZ-1000:@ 70 kHz, 29,000 pts/sec, to 1400m@ 300 kHz, 122,000 pts/sec, to 450m
One sigma at 100m, 8 mm accuracy, 5 mm precision
UGA Architects plan new cabins
Stores 32 Gb data, wireless data transfer
X, Y, Z Point Cloud and Return Intensity
Rapid, inexpensive and easy 3D surveys of buildings or small objects Image-based method requires little training and is inexpensive. Online SfM programs available (e.g., 123D Catch) Create high-resolution digital elevation models from ordinary
ground/aerial photographs with free and open source software. Process reconstructs objects/landscapes from SfM algorithms based
on the derived positions of the photographs in 3D space.
Surface from Motion or Structure from Motion (SfM)
Fonstad, et al. (2013) Topographic structure from motion: a new development in photogrammetric measurement, Earth Surfaces Processes and Landforms, 38 (4): 421-430.
Surface from Motion using multiple ground photos taken at different angles uploaded to Autodesk 123D Catch
http://www.123dapp.com/catch
Creates 3D point cloud and 3D image model downloaded for free (pay for 3D print), Video
• Historical sites such as Wormsloe offer unique opportunities to explore impacts of historical landuses on current landscapes.
• Future conservation and resource management will increasingly draw upon rich, multiscale geospatial data sets for landscape-scale assessments (with variable accuracies, temporal intervals).
• Integrated 3D geospatial data and geovisualization techniques can be used effectively to reconstruct historic landscapes shaping current conditions and investigate change.
Conclusions
Thank Wormsloe Institute for Environmental History, the Wormsloe Foundation, UGA Graduate School and UGA
College of Environmental Design for their support of Wormsloe researchers and students.
Craig and Diana Barrow, Sarah Ross, WIEH President Carey Burda, Andrew Parker, Nancy O’Hare, Carrie Jensen
Wormsloe Institute for Environmental History (WIEH), www.wieh.org