Looking Beyond CRZ

Arun B.InamdarCSRE, IIT Bombay

IntroductionCoastal issues through: CRZ (1991) LU/LC Mapping, Shoreline Change Studies,

Wetland Mapping, HTL Demarcation, Mangrove Mapping/ Monitoring, Coastal Geomorphology Mapping, Coastal Vulnerability Assessment, Natural Hazard Studies, Marine Water quality Studies & GIS based CMIS Development.

- In view of the inclusion of 12 NM coastal sea area as CRZ-IV as per ‘CRZ (2011) our marine water quality monitoring studies present interesting insights of the status of coastal waters around Mumbai.

- Need for GIS based CMIS

1. Marine Water Quality Studies• Monitoring of water quality parameters viz.

Chl-a, CDOM, TSS, Euphotic Depth, Nitrates, SST is possible with effective RS techniques.

• For Mumbai coastal region it was done for last decade largely using OCM & MODIS data

• Data base is useful for monitoring coastal ecosystem health as well as for policing purposes.

Study Area

SST Monitoring Methodology• Sea Surface Temperature (SST) was calculated from

MODIS data using the following formula: L= 2 * h * c2 * l-5 / [ e (h * c / k * l * T) – 1]Where,

L = radiance (Watts/m2/steradian/m)

h = Planck's constant (joule second)

c = speed of light in vacuum (m/s)

k = Boltzmann gas constant (joules/kelvin)

l = band or detector center wavelength (m)

T = temperature (degree Kelvin)

Methodology• Daily cloud-free MODIS (Terra) data with 1km

resolution from Thermal band (B-31)- Wavelength range :10.78 to 11.28 μm, which are first converted to radiance and then to SST.

• Monthly averages of SST were generated for every year for December, January and March from 2004 to 2010, from the daily images.

• Standard deviation and yearly averages were calculated using daily images.

• To generate the SST maps, the images were resampled to a 5 x 5 km grid size and a land-mask has been applied to the images.

December 2004

December 2005

December 2006

December 2007

December 2008

December 2009

Monthly average SST for December (2004-2009)

Monthly aggregated average and standard deviation images for December (2004-2009)

Average

Standard Deviation

Average SST (December)

284.00

285.00

286.00

287.00

288.00

289.00

290.00

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

Perpendicular distance from shoreline (km)

SS

T (d

egre

e K

elvi

n) Average SST Vs Perpendicular distance from shoreline

Standard Deviation in SST (December)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

Perpendicular distance from shoreline (km)

SS

T (d

egre

e K

elvi

n)

SST standard deviation Vs Perpendicular distance from shoreline

January 2005

January 2006

January 2007

January 2008

January 2009

January 2010

Monthly average SST for January (2005-2010)

Average

Standard Deviation

Monthly aggregated average and standard deviation images for January (2005-2010)

Average SST (January)

276.00

278.00

280.00

282.00

284.00

286.00

288.00

290.00

292.00

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

Perpendicular distance from shoreline (km)

SS

T (

deg

ree

Kel

vin

)

Standard Deviation in SST (January)

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

Perpendicular distance from shoreline (km)

SS

T (

deg

ree

Kel

vin

)

Average SST VsPerpendicular distance from shoreline

SST standard deviationVs Perpendicular distance from shoreline

March 2005

March 2006

March 2007

March 2008

March 2009

March 2010

Monthly average SST for March (2005-2010)

Average

Standard Deviation

Monthly aggregated average and standard deviation images for March (2005-2010)

Average SST (March)

282.00

284.00

286.00

288.00

290.00

292.00

294.00

296.00

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

Perpendicular distance from shoreline (km)

SS

T (

deg

ree

Kel

vin

)

Standard Deviation in SST (March)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

Perpendicular distance from shoreline (km)

SS

T (

deg

ree

Kel

vin

)

Average SST VsPerpendicular distance from shoreline

SST standard deviation VsPerpendicular distance from shoreline

Comparative SST trends near CETP with respect to average SST 5 km away from shoreline for study period.

Average SST in degrees Kelvin shown as linear trend line

December

283.00

283.50

284.00

284.50

285.00

285.50

286.00

286.50

287.00

287.50

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 `2009

Year

SS

T (

mo

nth

ly a

vera

ge)

SST near CETP

Average SST for 5 km from land

Average SST for CETP

Comparative SST trends near CETP with respect to average SST 5 km away from shoreline for study period.

Average SST in degrees Kelvin shown as linear trend line

January

273.00

275.00

277.00

279.00

281.00

283.00

285.00

287.00

289.00

291.00

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

SS

T (m

onth

ly a

vera

ge)

SST near CETPAverage SST for 5 km from land

Average SST for CETP

Comparative SST trends near CETP with respect to average SST 5 km away from shoreline for study period.

Average SST in degrees Kelvin shown as linear trend line

March

282.00

284.00

286.00

288.00

290.00

292.00

294.00

296.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

SS

T (

mo

nth

ly a

vera

ge)

SST near CETP

Average SST for 5 km from land

Average SST for CETP

Comparative SST trend at Mahul Creek with respect to the average SST 5 km away from shoreline for the study period. Average SST in degree Kelvin shown as a linear trend-line.

December

283.00

284.00

285.00

286.00

287.00

288.00

289.00

290.00

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 `2009

Year

SS

T (m

onth

ly a

vera

ge)

SST near Mahul

Average SST for 5 km from land

Average SST for Mahul

Comparative SST trend at Mahul Creek with respect to the average SST 5 km away from shoreline for the study period. Average SST in degree Kelvin shown as a linear trend-line.

January

273.00

275.00

277.00

279.00

281.00

283.00

285.00

287.00

289.00

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

SS

T (m

onth

ly a

vera

ge)

SST near MahulAverage SST for 5 km from land

Average SST for Mahul

Comparative SST trend at Mahul Creek with respect to the average SST 5 km away from shoreline for the study period. Average SST in degree Kelvin shown as a linear trend-line.

March

283.00

284.00

285.00

286.00

287.00

288.00

289.00

290.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

SS

T (m

onth

ly a

vera

ge)

SST near Mahul

Average SST for 5 km from land

Average SST for Mahul

Observations• Results show Mahul Creek & Vashi creek area are thermally

active, compared to a 5 km buffer zone off the shoreline. • Both are situated in a bay area, away from the influences of

any deep sea warm water phenomenon • This anomaly can not be explained by anything but

anthropogenic interference. • Mahul area and Vashi creek show high SST anomalies in

March and December resp. • Except 2006, which was declared as a

La Nina year, the SST has increased from theyear 2004 to 2010.

(mg/m3)

Chlorophyll concentration contours for January, February, March and April (2012) for coastal waters of Mumbai {Chlor-a 3 (Carder et. al., 1999),

Wavelengths used – 488 and 555 nm}

January & February

March & April

(m)

Euphotic depth contours for January, February, March and April (2012) for coastal waters of Mumbai {kd(490) (Lee et. al., 2005), wavelengths used –

490 nm }

January & February

March & April

CDOM concentration contours for the months of January, February, March and April (2012) for coastal waters of Mumbai {Tassan (1994),

wavelengths used- 412, 490, 443 nm}

January & February

March & April

Conclusions1. RS & GIS techniques are a boon in all these

studies and should be extensively used in identification, demarcation, assessment and monitoring a wide variety of coastal and marine attributes.

2. Must relook at the new ‘exceptions/ concessions’ in CRZ laws as well as the ‘carrying capacity of coastal ecosystem’ to aim at Sustainable Development

2. Major Issues in CRZ Rules & Way Ahead1. Fixed area of NDZ (500m) all over IndiaSol.:Coastal Habitat studies and modifications based on it

2. Undue importance to development status, esp. CRZ-IISol.: Adoption of Ecosystem Approach

3. ‘Sector need’ based additional exceptions in CRZ(2011)Sol.:Carrying capacity studies to decide them.

4. Excessive fishingSol.: Need for Sustainable Fishing

5. Influence of dams/ urban structures on fresh water/ sediments/ nutrients transport in CRZ

Sol.: Permissions to be based on assessment of impacts of dams/other development downstream.

6. Permission to destroy mangroves in Mumbai if replant 5 times that elsewhere.

Sol.: Not practical !..Ensure survival of planted mangroves.

7. Untreated sewage/ solid waste not allowed to enter CRZ-IV after Jan. 2013

Sol.: Not feasible unless we recycle and reuse liquid & solid waste

8. Little / No involvement of stake holders in decision makingSol.: Compliance with ICZM practices/ principles

9. Lack of political will to go with nature/ follow lawsSol.: (e.g. New airport in New Mumbai) Coastal Environmental

Education ?

10. Lack of awareness / info / education in coastal environment management & transparency.

Sol.: Development of a GIS based Coastal Management Information System (CMIS) accessible through internet, for networking / free exchange of information amongst researchers

GIS based CMIS

THANKS