Live with cli(bash)

Live with Daily CLI

Live with Daily CLI

Madsensen.zhang@gmail

Insitute of Computing Technology

November 6, 2006

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Live with Daily CLI

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Introduction

Outline

1 IntroductionWhat’s CLIWhat’s “shell”Shell TypesTypes of Commands in Bash

2 Customize Bash

3 Bash Tricks

4 Great command line utils

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Introduction

About What

What’s This About

Some tricks and tips to customize and make better use of theBash.

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Introduction

About What

What’s This About

Some tricks and tips to customize and make better use of theBash.

*NOT* about bash programming.

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Introduction

What’s CLI

What’s CLI

Command Line, On a display screen, the space following aprompt (such as $) where a text instruction to a computer ordevice is typed.

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Introduction

What’s CLI

What’s CLI

Command Line, On a display screen, the space following aprompt (such as $) where a text instruction to a computer ordevice is typed.CLI, a user interface in which you type commands consistingof text instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting anicon.

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Introduction

What’s CLI

What’s CLI

Command Line, On a display screen, the space following aprompt (such as $) where a text instruction to a computer ordevice is typed.CLI, a user interface in which you type commands consistingof text instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting anicon.A significant minority of computer users prefer to use CLIs,some due to visual disability, but most because they feel thatCLIs provide an environment with enhanced productivity.

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Introduction

What’s CLI

What’s CLI

Command Line, On a display screen, the space following aprompt (such as $) where a text instruction to a computer ordevice is typed.CLI, a user interface in which you type commands consistingof text instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting anicon.A significant minority of computer users prefer to use CLIs,some due to visual disability, but most because they feel thatCLIs provide an environment with enhanced productivity.What on earth can CLI do then?

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Introduction

What’s CLI

What’s CLI

Command Line, On a display screen, the space following aprompt (such as $) where a text instruction to a computer ordevice is typed.CLI, a user interface in which you type commands consistingof text instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting anicon.A significant minority of computer users prefer to use CLIs,some due to visual disability, but most because they feel thatCLIs provide an environment with enhanced productivity.What on earth can CLI do then?CLI can run many many programs, perform specific task: Webbrowsing(w3m), music playing(mpg321), displaying tasks(top)receiving and sending emails(mutt+esmpt+fetchmail),BBS(ssh), editing files(emacs,vi), file management(mc), filetransfer(scp, lftp), downloading(wget), and so many . . .

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Introduction

What’s “shell”


“shell”: any program that users use to type commands to thesystem.

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Introduction




hard outer covering of eggs, of nut-kernels, of some seeds andfruits, and of animals such as oysters, snails, crabs andtortoises.

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Introduction





It hides the details of the underlying operating system behindthe shell’s interface

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Introduction






“shell” provides a kind of CLI.

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Introduction






“shell” provides a kind of CLI.

The word “shell” also refers to a particular program, namelythe Bourne shell or (shortly) sh or Bash.

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Introduction

Shell Types

Shell Types existing

*nix shells can be broadly divided into four categories:Bourne-like, C Shell-like, nontraditional, and historical.(Viewthe shell types at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix shell andhttp://www.freebsdsoftware.org.).

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Introduction

Shell Types



Bash is Bourne-like. “Bash” is an acronym for ‘Bourne-AgainShell’.

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Introduction

Shell Types



Bash is Bourne-like. “Bash” is an acronym for ‘Bourne-AgainShell’.

Focus on Bash and some utilities only today.

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Introduction

Types of Commands in Bash

Types Command of in Bash

Bash built-in commands(builtins): cd break continue exec

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Introduction




External utilities: ls mv rm cp sed awk

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Introduction





Bash(in fact, most shells) also provides a programminglanguage: vars, flow control, quoting and functions.

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Introduction





Bash(in fact, most shells) also provides a programminglanguage: vars, flow control, quoting and functions.

Power of Bash: embed and combine them in your bash scriptsusing the Bash programming language.

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Customize Bash

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Customize BashCustomize the Bash PromptHow to Set Environment VariablesAliases

3 Bash Tricks

4 Great command line utils

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Customize Bash

Customize the Bash Prompt

Make a Pretty Bash Prompt

in ∼/.bashrc(cf Listing 1):

Listing 1: Customize the bash prompt

,� �1 PS1="\[\e]2;\w\a\n\[\e[32;1m\][\D{%Y-%m-%d} \t]\u@\h:\[\e

[33;1m\]\w\[\e[0m\]\n$"� �

Example

[2006-10-16 23:20:51]madsen@madsen:∼$

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Customize Bash

How to Set Environment Variables

How to Set Environment Variables

Environment variables affects many things.Use “export” to setthem.

Example

To add “∼/bin” to the commands searching path:$export PATH=$PATH:∼/binor to be permanent to your bash, append to your ∼/.bashrc:export PATH=$PATH:∼/bin

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Customize Bash

Aliases

Alias: shorter, easier, quicker

It’s more convenient once aliased.

Use “alias” or “alias -p” on the CLI to print all the aliasedcommands.

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Customize Bash

Aliases



Use “alias” or “alias -p” on the CLI to print all the aliasedcommands.Use alias newcmd=“oldcmd arguments” or alias

newcmd=’oldcmd arguments’ to set new aliases. Add in the∼/.bashrc file, to be permanent:

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Customize Bash

Aliases



Use “alias” or “alias -p” on the CLI to print all the aliasedcommands.Use alias newcmd=“oldcmd arguments” or alias

newcmd=’oldcmd arguments’ to set new aliases. Add in the∼/.bashrc file, to be permanent:

Convenient aliaes

alias ls=“ls –color -CF”alias mv=“mv -i”alias cp=“cp -i”alias rm=“cp -i”alias ..=“cd ..”alias mkdir=“mkdir -p”alias scp=“scp -pr”

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Bash Tricks

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Customize Bash

3 Bash TricksMake “cd” More ConvenientBetter Use of Bash HistoryBrace ExpansionCommand SubstitutionUsing for Loops at the Command LineBash I/O RedirectionEscape Accidental Exiting

4 Great command line utilsLive with Daily CLI

Live with Daily CLI

Bash Tricks

Tab Completion

Make Use of Tab Completion

Enjoy intelligent tab completion.

Install bash completion(available athttp://www.caliban.org/bash/index.shtml#completion)

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Bash Tricks

Tab Completion




Source it in your ∼/.bashrc or ∼/.bash profile:

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Bash Tricks

Tab Completion





Source bash completion

if [ -f /etc/bash completion ]; then. /etc/bash completion

fi

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Bash Tricks

Tab Completion







fi

Much smoother experience with bash :-P.

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Bash Tricks

Tab Completion







fi

Much smoother experience with bash :-P.

Completion of arguments according to most commands(e.g.acroread, latex) intelligently.

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Bash Tricks

Command Line Interface Editing Mode


emacs style: set -o emacs

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Bash Tricks




vi style: set -o vi

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Bash Tricks




vi style: set -o vi

I’ll list key bindings(Ctrl and Alt) of the emacs editing modefor reference.

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Bash Tricks

Command Line Shortcuts(emacs mode)

Shortcuts, make life easier: Ctrl Key Binding

C-a - Jump to the start of the line

C-b - Move back a char

C-c - Terminate the command

C-d - Delete from under the cursor

C-e - Jump to the end of the line

C-f - Move forward a char

C-k - Delete to EOL

C-l - Clear the screen

C-r - Search the history backwards

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Bash Tricks


Shortcuts, make life easier: Ctrl Key Binding(Cont)

C-u - Delete backward from cursor

C-x @ - Show possible hostname completions

C-z - Suspend/ Stop the command

C-i - Equal to the <TAB> key

C-m - <ENTER>

C-backspace - Delete basename of the string before the cursor.

C-x C-e Invoke an editor on the current command line, andexecute the result as shell commands. Bash attempts toinvoke $FCEDIT, $EDITOR, and emacs as the editor, in thatorder.

C-t Transpose characters.

C-w Delete backward one string.

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Bash Tricks


Something more on C-r

C-r again to search further in the bash history with the sametext, if the current one found is not what you want.

When the proper history command typed is found,<ENTER> or C-m to execute it.

Or, after the proper history command typed is found, C-o toexecute it, and it finishes, the next command in the bashhistory after the current one found will be placed on thecommand line ready for you to use.

Volatile alias: $cd /a/rather/long/path #rlpThen later: $C-rrlp<Enter>

Env vars: HISTSIZE, HISTFILE, HISTFILESIZE(man bash fordetail).

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Bash Tricks


Shortcuts, make life easier: Alt Key Binding

M-< - Move to the first line in the history

M-> - Move to the last line in the history

M-? - Show current completion list

M-* - Insert all possible completions

M-/ - Attempt to complete filename

M-. - Yank last argument to previous command

M-b - Move backward(abnormal in X terminal-emulator)

M-c - Capitalize the word(from the where the cursor is)

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Bash Tricks


Shortcuts, make life easier: Alt Key Binding

M-d - Delete word

M-f - Move forward(abnormal in X terminal-emulator

M-u - Make word uppercase

M-l - Make word lowercase

M-n - Search the history forwards non-incremental

M-p - Search the history backwards non-incremental

M-backspace - Delete backward from cursor

M-t - Transpose words around

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Bash Tricks

Make “cd” More Convenient

Make “cd” More Convenient

The env var CDPATH sets the searching path for the “cd”command(cf Listing: 2).

Listing 2: Set searching path for “cd”

,� �1 export CDPATH=.:..:$\sim$:/opt/src

� �

Then, names of sub-directories under these directories can be usedas something like bookmarks.

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Bash Tricks

Change Bash History’s Saving Behavior


Different Bash sessions may conflict in the default case(append tovs. overwrite).

Env vars: HISTFILE, HISTFILESIZE, HISTSIZE,HISTIGNOREin ∼/.bashrc:

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Bash Tricks



Different Bash sessions may conflict in the default case(append tovs. overwrite).

Env vars: HISTFILE, HISTFILESIZE, HISTSIZE,HISTIGNOREin ∼/.bashrc:

Set env vars affecting Bash history

export HISTIGNORE=”&:ls:ll:[fb]g:exit:svn up:cvs up”export HISTFILESIZE=2000export HISTSIZE=500

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Bash Tricks


Appending, not writing, to the history file. Also, add to your∼/.bashrc:

Append history lines

shopt -s histappend

Make Bash append to rather than overwrite the history file ondisk.

Write before new prompt

export PROMPT COMMAND=’history -a’

Before displaying the next prompt, write the previous line todisk.

Saving history lines is a security problem. Trade-off. Make thedecision yourself:).

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Bash Tricks

Reuse Bash History Commands


History makes intelligence.

Use !$ to repeat the last argument to the last command.

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Bash Tricks





Use Alt+. to repeat the last argument to formercommands.(Recommendedand preferred, personally)

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Bash Tricks






Repeat exactly the last command with all the originalarguments to it: “!xyz”(or even simpler, just “!!”).

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Bash Tricks







Examples:

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Bash Tricks







Examples:

Example

$mkdir /tmp/test$cd $!<Enter>$mkdir /tmp/test1$cd <Alt>+. $command –withcomplicatedarguments$!command<Enter>

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Bash Tricks

Get Other Parts of Earlier Commands


This is not so intresting and useful. Use ! to get other parts ofearlier commands.

!-1 or !! is the whole previous command.

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Bash Tricks





!-1:0 or !:0 or !!:0 is the previous command name.

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Bash Tricks






!ˆ or !:ˆ, !:2, !:3, , !$ or !:$ are the corresponding(with ˆ or $,the colon can be omitted) arguments of the previouscommand.

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Bash Tricks







!* or !:* is all the arguments of the previous command.

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Bash Tricks








!-3:1, !-3:*

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Bash Tricks








!-3:1, !-3:*

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Bash Tricks








!-3:1, !-3:*

Example

What would this command, which seems weird and nonsense,$!-2:0 -R !ˆ !-3:2do??

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Bash Tricks

Make Your SPACE Magic

Make Your SPACE Magic

Expand history when press SPACE in addition to its original spaceinserting function. Add the following lines to your ∼/.inputrc:

Magic SPACE

$if BashSpace: magic-space

$endif

Example

$ll *.txt$!:0<SPACE>

or$!!<SPACE>

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Bash Tricks

Better History Command Searching

Better History Command Searching

Search history lines starting with a specific command. Add thefollowing lines to your ∼/.inputrc(cf Listing: 3):

Listing 3: Search only command

,� �1 set convert-meta on

2 ‘‘\M-p’’: history-search-backward

3 ‘‘\M-n’’: history-search-forward� �

NOTE: “set convert-meta on” would make scim functionabnormally in gnome-terminal and xfce4-terminal

Example

Type “sudo”, then M-p, it would iterate over all the previouscommand lines starting with “sudo”.

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Bash Tricks

Brace Expansion

Using Brace Expansion

Save your time by typing long paths(or something else that’s long)only once.

e.g.

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Bash Tricks

Brace Expansion



e.g.

Example

$echo great\ {better,boost,loveqq,redgreen}\ boygreat better boy great boost boy great loveqq boy great redgreenboy

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Bash Tricks

Brace Expansion



e.g.

Example


Backup configuration file:

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Bash Tricks

Brace Expansion



e.g.

Example


Backup configuration file:

Example

$sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list{,.bak}

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Bash Tricks

Command Substitution


Use the ouput of one command as the argument(s) of the othercommand.

Newer bash style: $(command). Easier to be nested and readand maintained.

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Bash Tricks





Example

$now=$(date +%Y-%m-%d)

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Bash Tricks





Example


Older sh style: `command` For backward compatiblity.

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Bash Tricks





Example


Older sh style: `command` For backward compatiblity.

Example

$now=`date +%Y-%m-%d`

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Bash Tricks

Using for Loops at the Command Line


Refer to a bash programming book or manual details about the forloop or other loops in bash.There are two ways to write a casual for loop on the commandline: comma separated or newline separated.

To make thumbnails of your jpg files

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Bash Tricks





Example

$for file in `ls *.jpg` ; do convert $file -resize 140x140 tn $file;done

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Bash Tricks





Example


Batch modify suffix:

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Bash Tricks





Example


Batch modify suffix:

Example

$for i in *.xml ; do mv $i `basename $i .xml`.wsdl ; done

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Bash Tricks


Using for Loops at the Command Line(Cont.)

There are two ways to write a casual for loop on the commandline: comma separated or newline separated.


Example

$for file in `ls *.jpg`> do convert $file -resize 140x140 tn $file> done

> is called the secondary prompt.

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Bash Tricks

Bash I/O Redirection


Redirect to save results, to make things clear, to open and closefiles for the current shell execution env and to . . . .

0: stand input stream; 1: stand output stream; 2 stand erroroutput stream

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Bash Tricks





$find / -name “foo”The output you need is flooded by a lot of error messages dueto denied permission.

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Bash Tricks






Redirecting gradually:

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Bash Tricks







$find / -name “foo” > output.txt

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Bash Tricks







$find / -name “foo” > output.txt$find / -name “foo” 2 > /dev/null

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Bash Tricks







$find / -name “foo” > output.txt$find / -name “foo” 2 > /dev/null$find / -name foo > output.txt or $find / -name foo 1 >

output.txt

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Bash Tricks








output.txt$find / -name foo > output.txt 2 > output.txt

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Bash Tricks








output.txt$find / -name foo > output.txt 2 > output.txt$find / -name foo > output.txt 2 > &1

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Bash Tricks








output.txt$find / -name foo > output.txt 2 > output.txt$find / -name foo > output.txt 2 > &1$find / -name foo &> output.txt(same with above)

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Bash Tricks

Useless Use of cat due to Redirection

Useless Use of cat due to Redirection

“The purpose of cat is to concatenate (or ’catenate’) files. If it’sonly one file, concatenating it with nothing at all is a waste oftime, and costs you a process.” – Randal L. SchwartzTo inspect what pages or files at your site have been visited, youcan

Example

$cat access.log ‖ awk ’print $7’

But, a nicer and neater way(due to shells’ allowing a file to be readbefore the command.):

Example

$awk ’print $7’ access.log$< access.log awk ’print $7’

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Bash Tricks

Escape Accidental Exiting


Ctrl+D conveniently exits Bash. Too easy . . .

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Bash Tricks



Ctrl+D conveniently exits Bash. Too easy . . .

Specify that it must be pressed twice to exit, in your∼/.bashrc:export IGNOREEOF=1

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Great command line utils

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Customize Bash

3 Bash Tricks

4 Great command line utilsThe find && xargs PairBatch Renaming FilesNetwork toolsPrinting with lpr

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The find && xargs Pair

Find files meeting your severe requirements

-name, -iname(case incensitive)

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-size(- less than the specified size; + greater than thespecified size;(neither, exactly the specified size)

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-user

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-user

-perm(- and;+ or; neither secified, match exactly)

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-user


-exec(not recommended). Make sure the escape the semicolonending arguments to exec: “\;”

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-user



man find

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-user



man find

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-user



man find

Example

$find / -name ”*.txt” -size +10k -user madsen -not -perm +o=r-exec chmod o+r

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Using xargs

xargs - build and execute command lines from standard input.Compress all the files with some postfix in the current directory:

Example

$ls *.jpg | xargs tar cvfz hts.tar.gz

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Combine the find and xargs

They produce power: act on special files.

Example

$find ./ -print0 -maxdepth 1 | xargs -0 grep -n -i “active”$find ./ -name “.svn” -type d | xargs rm -rf$find ./ -name “*.tar.gz” | xargs -i bash -c “echo {} && tar ztvf{} | grep ’beamer’ ”

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Batch Renaming Files

Batch Renaming Files

There are many ways. To rename all files ending with “.aaa.bbb”to “.ccc”:

Example

$for i in `ls *.aaa.bbb`; do mv $i `echo $i | sed -e’s/aaa\.bbb$/ccc/’`; done

$rename ’s/\.aaa\.bbb$/\.ccc/’ *.aaa.bbb

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Network tools

download: wget

It supports HTTP(+HTTP PROXY, HTTPS and FTP protocols.Some options:

Basic startup options: -b, -o logfile, -i input link file, -c

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Network tools

download: wget



Download options: -O output download file

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Network tools

download: wget




Recursive retrieval options: -m(-r -N -l inf –no-remove-listing),-r, -np, -k(–convert-links), -K(–backup-converted)

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Network tools

download: wget





HTTP options: -E(–html-extension)

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Network tools

download: wget






Recursive accept/reject options: -A acclist, -R rejlist

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Network tools

download: wget







get all mp3’s only from zixia:

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Network tools

download: wget







get all mp3’s only from zixia:

Example

wget -cr -np -A mp3 ftp://ftp.trueice.net

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lftp: lftp

A Sophisticated File Transfer Program

The following is from “man lftp”

A file transfer program that allows sophisticated ftp, http andother connections to other hosts

It can handle seven file access methods - ftp, ftps, http, https,hftp, fish, sftp andfile

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web browser: w3m

a text based Web browser

It’s a World Wide Web (WWW) text based client.

It runs in a terminal.

Tab browsing.

Less computing resources.

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Printing with lpr

Printing with lpr

acroread and evince sucks on my dapper box.

Example

$lpr -P LaserJet-1022 -o page-set=odd -o page-ranges=1-108yqs.pdf$lpr -P LaserJet-1022 -o page-set=even -o outputorder=reverse -opage-ranges=1-108 yqs.pdfor if your printer supports doule-sided printing:$lpr -P LaserJet-1022 -o sides=two-sided-long-edgepage-ranges=1-108 yqs.pdf

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Summary

Summary

What’s shell

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Summary

Summary

What’s shell

Customize Bash(one kind of shell)

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Summary

Summary

What’s shell


Bash tricks

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Summary

Summary

What’s shell


Bash tricks

When using systems which aren’t configured as such . . .

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Summary

Summary

What’s shell


Bash tricks

When using systems which aren’t configured as such . . .

Use your fingers to remember. Never try to memorize usingbrain.

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My Points

My Points

It’s boring to repeat typing the same thing.

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My Points

My Points


Dialog boxes suck. Mouse sometimes sucks.

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My Points

My Points



CLI+Keyboard operation make power and productivity.

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My Points

My Points




Communicate with others.

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My Points

My Points





Read the manual.

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My Points

My Points





Read the manual.

Use google.

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References

man bash

http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/

http://www.ukuug.org/events/linux2003/papers/bash tips/

http://www.ss64.com/bash/index.html

http://en.wikipedia.org

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Thanks

Thank you all!!

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