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This presentation (full text paper: http://conference.ifla.org/sites/default/files/files/papers/wlic2012/92-alemu-en.pdf ) provides recommendations for making a conceptual shift from current document-centric to data-centric metadata. The importance of adjusting current library models such as Resource Description and Access (RDA) and Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) to models based on Linked Data principles is discussed. In relation to technical formats, the paper suggests the need to leapfrog from Machine Readable Cataloguing (MARC) to Resource Description Framework (RDF), without disrupting current library metadata operations.
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Getaneh Alemu, Brett Stevens, Penny Ross and Jane Chandler
University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UKWorld Library and Information Congress 78th IFLA General Conference and Assembly11-17 August 2012, Helsinki, Finland [email protected]
Library of Ashurbanipal Library of Alexandria(Blair, 2010; Denton, 2007; Dunsire, 2009; IFLA, 2009; Lubetzky, 1953; Morville , 2005; Svenonius, 2000; Wright, 2007)
(IFLA, 2009; Svenonius, 2000)
Record centric, more attuned to human consumption rather than machine processing
Metadata duplication
Data inconsistency
Lack of granularity
Identification, naming, terminological issues
Lack of scalability to the web(Coyle, 2010; Coyle & Hillmann, 2007; Lagoze, 2010; Mathes, 2004; Shirky, 2005; Veltman, 2001; W3C, 2011; Weinberger, 2005, 2007)
MARC MARC must die! (Tennant, 2002)
MARC is deeply embedded in library systems and functions;
Making any changes too difficult and expensive;
Alternative formats, including XML fail to deliver the additional functionality required to merit and justify the changeover;
MARC persisted but it is considered to be inadequate and anachronistic.
(Coyle, 2010; Coyle & Hillmann, 2007; LC, 2011; Wallis, 2011a, 2011b)
http://docs.sitka.bclibraries.ca/Sitka/current/html/ch17s02.html
Deriving lighter schema from a complex one
(Chan & Zeng, 2006)http://www.futerra.co.uk/blog/336
Incorporating diversity/multiple view points“Cultural diversity is as vital as biodiversity” (Veltman,
2001)
Open-world assumption “Anyone can say anything about any topic” resulting
in “variations and disagreements” (Allemnag & Hendler, 2008)
Distributed web of data
The network effect
Linked Data principles (Berners-Lee, 2009)
Global unique identificationUse of scalable data modelUse of consistent technical formats Scalable in-bound and out-bound linking
RDF
RDFS
OWL
SPARQL
URI
(Allemnag & Hendler, 2008; Berners-Lee, 1997; W3C, 2004a, 2004b)
http://talis-systems.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/British-Library-Data-Model-v1.01.pdf
Silos: library-domain-specific languages and terminologies
Conflation between metadata content and metadata presentation/display
Technical complexity of Linked Data technologies such as RDF/XML, RDFS, OWL and SPARQL
Generation, maintenance, resolution and preservation of URIs and namespaces
Linked Data is about metadata and libraries have always been creating and managing metadata
Libraries are interested in Linked Data The Europeana Data Model British Library Data Model Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) Open Metadata Registry Lexvo (URI referenced controlled list of characters, words, terms) GeoNames (geographical database) MARC country and language codes Dewey.info (top level classes of Dewey Decimal Classification) RDF book mash-up (information about books and their authors)
(The British Library, 2011; Wallis, 2011)
Metadata openness and sharing
Facilitate serendipitous discovery of information resources
Identification of resource usage patterns, zeitgeist and emergent metadata
Facet-based navigation
Metadata enriched with links
Source: O'Reilly (2005) Reusable, re-mixable/mashable metadata
Application profiles
Linking to non-library information sources
(Anhalt & Stewart, 2011; Coyle & Hillmann, 2007; Dunsire, 2009; W3C, 2004)
OntologiesCentralised vs decentralised
Complete vs good enough
Focus on describing entities
Develop vocabularies
Properties
The richer an object is described with metadata, the more likely that it conforms to the multitude of perspectives and interpretations of users.
(Alemu, Stevens, & Ross, 2012) Otlet’s “The social space of documents”
“Réseau: a tool to create semantic links between documents and keep track of the annotations made by readers, eventually forming new trails of documents, which he calls “the book about the book” (Wright, 2007)