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introduction to the concept of difference equations
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Lesson 29Introduction to Difference Equations
Math 20
April 25, 2007
AnnouncementsI PS 12 due Wednesday, May 2I MT III Friday, May 4 in SC Hall AI Final Exam (tentative): Friday, May 25 at 9:15am
IntroductionA famous difference equationOther questions
What is a difference equation?Goals
Testing solutions
Analyzing DE with Cobweb diagrams
Example: prices
A famous math problem
“A certain man had one pairof rabbits together in acertain enclosed place, andone wishes to know howmany are created from thepair in one year when it isthe nature of them in asingle month to bearanother pair, and in thesecond month those born tobear also. Because theabovewritten pair in the firstmonth bore, you will doubleit; there will be two pairs inone month.”
Leonardo of Pisa(1170s or 1180s–1250)
a/k/a Fibonacci
Diagram of rabbits
f0 = 1
f1 = 1
f2 = 2
f3 = 3
f4 = 5
f5 = 8
Diagram of rabbits
f0 = 1
f1 = 1
f2 = 2
f3 = 3
f4 = 5
f5 = 8
Diagram of rabbits
f0 = 1
f1 = 1
f2 = 2
f3 = 3
f4 = 5
f5 = 8
Diagram of rabbits
f0 = 1
f1 = 1
f2 = 2
f3 = 3
f4 = 5
f5 = 8
Diagram of rabbits
f0 = 1
f1 = 1
f2 = 2
f3 = 3
f4 = 5
f5 = 8
Diagram of rabbits
f0 = 1
f1 = 1
f2 = 2
f3 = 3
f4 = 5
f5 = 8
An equation for the rabbits
Let fn be the number of pairs of rabbits in month n. Each newmonth we have
I The same rabbits as last monthI Every pair of rabbits at least one month old producing a
new pair of rabbits
Sofn = fn−1 + fn−2
An equation for the rabbits
Let fn be the number of pairs of rabbits in month n. Each newmonth we have
I The same rabbits as last monthI Every pair of rabbits at least one month old producing a
new pair of rabbitsSo
fn = fn−1 + fn−2
Some fibonacci numbers
n fn0 11 12 23 34 55 86 137 218 349 55
10 8911 14412 233
QuestionCan we find an explicit formula for fn?
Other questions
Lots of things fluctuate from time step to time step:I Price of a goodI Population of a species (or several species)I GDP of an economy
IntroductionA famous difference equationOther questions
What is a difference equation?Goals
Testing solutions
Analyzing DE with Cobweb diagrams
Example: prices
The big concept
DefinitionA difference equation is an equation for a sequence written interms of that sequence and shiftings of it.
Example
I The fibonacci sequence satisfies the difference equation
fn = fn−1 + fn−2, f0 = 1, f1 = 1
I A population of fish in a pond might satisfy an equationsuch as
xn+1 = 2xn(1−xn)
I supply and demand both depend on price, which isdetermined by supply and demand. So the evolution ofprice depends on itself (more later).
Difference equation objectives
I Know when a sequence satisfies a difference equationI Solve when possible!I Find equilibriaI Analyze stability of equilibria
IntroductionA famous difference equationOther questions
What is a difference equation?Goals
Testing solutions
Analyzing DE with Cobweb diagrams
Example: prices
Testing solutionsPlug it in!
ExampleShow that x = 3 satisfies the equation x2−4x +3 = 0.
Solution
32−4(3)+3 = 9−12+3 = 03
ExampleShow that the sequence defined by yk = 2k+1−1 satisfies thedifference equation yk+1 = 2yk +1, y0 = 1.
SolutionWe have
yk+1 = 2(k+1)+1−1 = 2k+2−1
2yk +1 = 2(2k+1−1)+1 = 2k+2−13
Testing solutionsPlug it in!
ExampleShow that x = 3 satisfies the equation x2−4x +3 = 0.
Solution
32−4(3)+3 = 9−12+3 = 03
ExampleShow that the sequence defined by yk = 2k+1−1 satisfies thedifference equation yk+1 = 2yk +1, y0 = 1.
SolutionWe have
yk+1 = 2(k+1)+1−1 = 2k+2−1
2yk +1 = 2(2k+1−1)+1 = 2k+2−13
Testing solutionsPlug it in!
ExampleShow that x = 3 satisfies the equation x2−4x +3 = 0.
Solution
32−4(3)+3 = 9−12+3 = 0
3
ExampleShow that the sequence defined by yk = 2k+1−1 satisfies thedifference equation yk+1 = 2yk +1, y0 = 1.
SolutionWe have
yk+1 = 2(k+1)+1−1 = 2k+2−1
2yk +1 = 2(2k+1−1)+1 = 2k+2−13
Testing solutionsPlug it in!
ExampleShow that x = 3 satisfies the equation x2−4x +3 = 0.
Solution
32−4(3)+3 = 9−12+3 = 03
ExampleShow that the sequence defined by yk = 2k+1−1 satisfies thedifference equation yk+1 = 2yk +1, y0 = 1.
SolutionWe have
yk+1 = 2(k+1)+1−1 = 2k+2−1
2yk +1 = 2(2k+1−1)+1 = 2k+2−13
Testing solutionsPlug it in!
ExampleShow that x = 3 satisfies the equation x2−4x +3 = 0.
Solution
32−4(3)+3 = 9−12+3 = 03
ExampleShow that the sequence defined by yk = 2k+1−1 satisfies thedifference equation yk+1 = 2yk +1, y0 = 1.
SolutionWe have
yk+1 = 2(k+1)+1−1 = 2k+2−1
2yk +1 = 2(2k+1−1)+1 = 2k+2−13
Testing solutionsPlug it in!
ExampleShow that x = 3 satisfies the equation x2−4x +3 = 0.
Solution
32−4(3)+3 = 9−12+3 = 03
ExampleShow that the sequence defined by yk = 2k+1−1 satisfies thedifference equation yk+1 = 2yk +1, y0 = 1.
SolutionWe have
yk+1 = 2(k+1)+1−1 = 2k+2−1
2yk +1 = 2(2k+1−1)+1 = 2k+2−13
Testing solutionsPlug it in!
ExampleShow that x = 3 satisfies the equation x2−4x +3 = 0.
Solution
32−4(3)+3 = 9−12+3 = 03
ExampleShow that the sequence defined by yk = 2k+1−1 satisfies thedifference equation yk+1 = 2yk +1, y0 = 1.
SolutionWe have
yk+1 = 2(k+1)+1−1 = 2k+2−1
2yk +1 = 2(2k+1−1)+1 = 2k+2−13
Guess and checkExampleFill out the first few terms of the sequence that satisifies
yk+1 =yk
1+yk, y1 = 1
Guess the solution and check it.
Solution
I y1 = 1I y2 = 1
1+1 = 1/2
I y3 =1/2
1+1/2=
1/23/2
= 1/3
I y4 =1/3
1+1/3=
1/31/4
= 4/3
We guess yk = 1k . If that’s true, then
yk+1 =1/k
1+ 1/k=
1/k
k+1/k=
1k +1
3
Guess and checkExampleFill out the first few terms of the sequence that satisifies
yk+1 =yk
1+yk, y1 = 1
Guess the solution and check it.
Solution
I y1 = 1
I y2 = 11+1 = 1/2
I y3 =1/2
1+1/2=
1/23/2
= 1/3
I y4 =1/3
1+1/3=
1/31/4
= 4/3
We guess yk = 1k . If that’s true, then
yk+1 =1/k
1+ 1/k=
1/k
k+1/k=
1k +1
3
Guess and checkExampleFill out the first few terms of the sequence that satisifies
yk+1 =yk
1+yk, y1 = 1
Guess the solution and check it.
Solution
I y1 = 1I y2 = 1
1+1 = 1/2
I y3 =1/2
1+1/2=
1/23/2
= 1/3
I y4 =1/3
1+1/3=
1/31/4
= 4/3
We guess yk = 1k . If that’s true, then
yk+1 =1/k
1+ 1/k=
1/k
k+1/k=
1k +1
3
Guess and checkExampleFill out the first few terms of the sequence that satisifies
yk+1 =yk
1+yk, y1 = 1
Guess the solution and check it.
Solution
I y1 = 1I y2 = 1
1+1 = 1/2
I y3 =1/2
1+1/2=
1/23/2
= 1/3
I y4 =1/3
1+1/3=
1/31/4
= 4/3
We guess yk = 1k . If that’s true, then
yk+1 =1/k
1+ 1/k=
1/k
k+1/k=
1k +1
3
Guess and checkExampleFill out the first few terms of the sequence that satisifies
yk+1 =yk
1+yk, y1 = 1
Guess the solution and check it.
Solution
I y1 = 1I y2 = 1
1+1 = 1/2
I y3 =1/2
1+1/2=
1/23/2
= 1/3
I y4 =1/3
1+1/3=
1/31/4
= 4/3
We guess yk = 1k . If that’s true, then
yk+1 =1/k
1+ 1/k=
1/k
k+1/k=
1k +1
3
Guess and checkExampleFill out the first few terms of the sequence that satisifies
yk+1 =yk
1+yk, y1 = 1
Guess the solution and check it.
Solution
I y1 = 1I y2 = 1
1+1 = 1/2
I y3 =1/2
1+1/2=
1/23/2
= 1/3
I y4 =1/3
1+1/3=
1/31/4
= 4/3
We guess yk = 1k . If that’s true, then
yk+1 =1/k
1+ 1/k=
1/k
k+1/k=
1k +1
3
Guess and checkExampleFill out the first few terms of the sequence that satisifies
yk+1 =yk
1+yk, y1 = 1
Guess the solution and check it.
Solution
I y1 = 1I y2 = 1
1+1 = 1/2
I y3 =1/2
1+1/2=
1/23/2
= 1/3
I y4 =1/3
1+1/3=
1/31/4
= 4/3
We guess yk = 1k . If that’s true, then
yk+1 =1/k
1+ 1/k=
1/k
k+1/k=
1k +1
3
IntroductionA famous difference equationOther questions
What is a difference equation?Goals
Testing solutions
Analyzing DE with Cobweb diagrams
Example: prices
Cobweb diagrams
IdeaUse graphics to identify and classify equilibria of the differenceequation
xn+1 = g(xn)
Method
I Draw the graphs y = g(x) and y = xI Pick a point (x0,x0) on the lineI Move vertically to (x0, f (x0)). Notice f (x0) = f (x1)
I Move horizontally to (x1,x1)
I Repeat
Cobweb diagrams
IdeaUse graphics to identify and classify equilibria of the differenceequation
xn+1 = g(xn)
MethodI Draw the graphs y = g(x) and y = x
I Pick a point (x0,x0) on the lineI Move vertically to (x0, f (x0)). Notice f (x0) = f (x1)
I Move horizontally to (x1,x1)
I Repeat
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
Cobweb diagrams
IdeaUse graphics to identify and classify equilibria of the differenceequation
xn+1 = g(xn)
MethodI Draw the graphs y = g(x) and y = xI Pick a point (x0,x0) on the line
I Move vertically to (x0, f (x0)). Notice f (x0) = f (x1)
I Move horizontally to (x1,x1)
I Repeat
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
Cobweb diagrams
IdeaUse graphics to identify and classify equilibria of the differenceequation
xn+1 = g(xn)
MethodI Draw the graphs y = g(x) and y = xI Pick a point (x0,x0) on the lineI Move vertically to (x0, f (x0)). Notice f (x0) = f (x1)
I Move horizontally to (x1,x1)
I Repeat
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
(x0,x1)
Cobweb diagrams
IdeaUse graphics to identify and classify equilibria of the differenceequation
xn+1 = g(xn)
MethodI Draw the graphs y = g(x) and y = xI Pick a point (x0,x0) on the lineI Move vertically to (x0, f (x0)). Notice f (x0) = f (x1)
I Move horizontally to (x1,x1)
I Repeat
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
(x0,x1)
(x1,x1)
Cobweb diagrams
IdeaUse graphics to identify and classify equilibria of the differenceequation
xn+1 = g(xn)
MethodI Draw the graphs y = g(x) and y = xI Pick a point (x0,x0) on the lineI Move vertically to (x0, f (x0)). Notice f (x0) = f (x1)
I Move horizontally to (x1,x1)
I Repeat
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
(x0,x1)
(x1,x1)
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
(x0,x1)
(x1,x1)
x2
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
(x0,x1)
(x1,x1)
x2
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
(x0,x1)
(x1,x1)
x2. . .
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
(x0,x1)
(x1,x1)
x2. . .
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
(x0,x1)
(x1,x1)
x2. . .
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
(x0,x1)
(x1,x1)
x2. . .
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
(x0,x0)
(x0,x1)
(x1,x1)
x2. . .
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = xx0
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = xx0
x1
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = xx0
x1
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = xx0
x1
x2
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = xx0
x1
x2
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = xx0
x1
x2
x3
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = xx0
x1
x2
x3
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = xx0
x1
x2
x3x4
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = xx0
x1
x2
x3x4
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = xx0
x1
x2
x3x4. . .
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
x0
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
x0
x1
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
x0
x1
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
x0
x1
x2
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
x0
x1
x2
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
x0
x1
x2
x3
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
x0
x1
x2
x3
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
x0
x1
x2
x3x4
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
x0
x1
x2
x3x4
Example of a cobweb diagram
xk+1 = 5/2xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
x0
x1
x2
x3x4. . .
Upshot
I Equilibria (constant solutions) of the difference equation
xk+1 = g(xk )
are solutions to the equation x = g(x).
I If an equilibrium is stable, nearby points will spiral towardsit
I If an equilibrium is unstable, nearby points will spiral awayfrom it
I There are other possibilities, though!
Upshot
I Equilibria (constant solutions) of the difference equation
xk+1 = g(xk )
are solutions to the equation x = g(x).I If an equilibrium is stable, nearby points will spiral towards
itI If an equilibrium is unstable, nearby points will spiral away
from it
I There are other possibilities, though!
Upshot
I Equilibria (constant solutions) of the difference equation
xk+1 = g(xk )
are solutions to the equation x = g(x).I If an equilibrium is stable, nearby points will spiral towards
itI If an equilibrium is unstable, nearby points will spiral away
from itI There are other possibilities, though!
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
Another example
xk+1 = (3.1)xk (1−xk )
y = g(x)
y = x
IntroductionA famous difference equationOther questions
What is a difference equation?Goals
Testing solutions
Analyzing DE with Cobweb diagrams
Example: prices
A pricing example
ExampleThe amount of a good supplied to the market at time k dependson the price at time k −1. The amount demanded at time kdepends on the price at time k . Suppose
Sk = 500pk−1 +500Dk =−1000pk +1500
Use this to find a difference equation for (pk ) and find theequilibrium price.
SolutionWe have pk =−1/2pk−1 +1, so p∗ = 2/3.
A pricing example
ExampleThe amount of a good supplied to the market at time k dependson the price at time k −1. The amount demanded at time kdepends on the price at time k . Suppose
Sk = 500pk−1 +500Dk =−1000pk +1500
Use this to find a difference equation for (pk ) and find theequilibrium price.
SolutionWe have pk =−1/2pk−1 +1, so p∗ = 2/3.
Next time
I For which g can we solve the difference equationxk+1 = g(xk ) explicitly?
I Can we determine stability of the equilibria using g alone?