Writing Chapter 4

The Chapter 4 This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the data gathered out of the instruments used in the study presented according to specific problem.

This is the reiteration of the research problems by way straight presentation of results vis-ἀ-vis research hypothesis and research questions.

Data Presentation

This is the process of organizing data into logical, sequential, and meaningful categories and classification to make them amenable to the study and interpretation.

Presentation of data Present the findings of the

study in the order of the specific problem as stated in the statement of the Problem.

Present the data in these forms: Tabular Textual Graphical (optional)

TablesA systematic method of

presenting statistical data in vertical columns and horizontal rows according to the items and classifications of subject matter.

Parts of a statistical table: Table Heading. Consists of the

table number and the title Boxhead. It is found at the top of

the column. Stubs. It is the classification or

categories found at the left side of the body of the table.

Body. It contains the substance or the figures of one’s data

Presentation of Data

Tables are presented in a narrative form.

Expressions that may help in the presentation of the tables:

Table ______________ shows .. Table ______________ .. Lists

the ..

Tables should not be divided. It should not exceed the page size of the manuscript

Large tables should be reduced.

Smaller font to reduce the print is recommended

Figures Figures in thesis and dissertation

are illustrative devices that present statistical data in graphic form.

A figure is a symbol applied to a wide variety of graphs, charts, maps, diagrams, sketches, and drawings.

Figures should be simple to convey a clear idea that it represents.

Graphic Presentation Represents the quantitative

variations or changes of a variable in comparisons with those of another variable in pictorial or diagrammatical form.

The purpose of graphing is to present the variations, changes, and relationships of data in a most attractive, appealing, effective, and convincing way

What is a bar graph ??

It is a diagram consisting of line showing the variations, relationships of data in different ways.

The horizontal axis usually measures the independent variable, the vertical axis, the measured characteristic.

Horizontal bar graphs are used to compare components of a particular time.

Vertical bar graphs are used to make comparison at different times.

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 40

1

2

3

4

5

6

Series 1Series 2Series 3

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Series 3Series 2Series 1

What is a line graph ??

Consists of lines representing the relationship between two or more sets of quantities.

Arrangement should proceed from left to right on the horizontal axis.

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 40%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Series 3Series 2Series 1

When to use a pie graph ??

It is used in presenting frequency distribution where in the entire circle represents the total population.

The pie is divided into segments each of which is proportional in size to the quantities or percentage it represents.

Sales

1st Qtr2nd Qtr3rd Qtr4th Qtr

Pagination Every page of thesis / dissertation

should have a page number. Take note that the title page does not have a page number typed on it, but a number is assigned for it in the series.

Page numbers are placed in the upper right hand corner one inch below the top of the page and aligned with the right margin.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Analysis should be done first before interpretation.

An analysis is useless without interpretation while interpretations are impossible without analysis.

Analyzing and interpreting the raw data should go hand in hand in order to give meaningful results. Interpretation is important to have a clearer meaning of the research findings.

The bases in analyzing research data are specific problems / objectives, hypothesis, measuring instruments, and statistical tools.

Plant No. Height of Plants (cm)Horse

ManureUrea

123456

2623

23.525.326.524.5

25.7526.524.627

25.527.5

Type of Fertilizer

Height of Plant (cm)

Average Height of Plant (cm)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

ControlHorse ManureUrea

20.933.031.0

21.232.830.7

19.632.030.9

20.632.630.8

Prepare a bar graph using the data below:

Kind of Fertilizer

Average Height of plant (cm)

ControlHorse ManureUrea

20.632.630.8

Make a line graph out of the data given:

Time of the Day

Body Temperature

6 – 77 – 88 – 9

9 – 1011 – 12

1 – 22 – 33 – 4

3737

37.53839

38.537.537

Four groups of 4 patients each were subjected to four different types of treatment for the same ailment. The following data are on the number of days that elapsed before they were completely cured. What conclusions may be drawn about the four types of treatment?

NUMBER OF DAYS ELAPSED BEFORE PATIENTS WERE CURED

PATIENT Treatment A Treatment B Treatment C Treatment D

1 10 11 3 6

2 9 11 4 10

3 6 18 5 8

4 7 6 7 11