TDM 458

Ara Pachmayer

Global Distribution of Tourism

Global Regional Tourism Now

• Middle East (-8%) and North Africa (-9%) were the only sub-regions to record declines in arrivals in 2011. Why?

• Europe was the fastest growing region in 2011• 2000-2010

– Middle East Growth at 9.6% a year (declining in 2011)– Central America at 6.2% a year– Asia at about 6.3% a year– Africa at 6.4% a year (declining in 2011)– N. America, Caribbean, Western Europe, Oceania all

stagnation over decade.

World’s Top Tourism Destinations (2010)

World’s Top Tourism Destinations (2011)

World’s Top Tourism Earners (2010)

World’s Top Tourism Earners (2011)

World’s Top Tourism Spenders (2010)

World’s Top Tourism Spenders (2011)

Travel by Type of Tourism (2010)

Travel by Type of Tourism (2011)

Travel by Means of Transport (2010)

Travel by Means of Transport (2011)

Inbound Tourism

Growth of International Tourism

• 1950 25 million• 1960 69 million• 1970 166 million• 1980 277 million• 1990 457 million• 2000 698 million• 2006 842 million• 2007 903 million• 2008 922 million• 2009 880 million• 2010 940 million• 2011 983 million

Current Trends In International Tourism

• In 1950, the top 15 destinations absorbed 98% of all international tourist arrivals

• In 1970, the proportion was 75%

• In 2007, this fell to 57%

International Tourist Arrivals, 1950-2030

International Tourist Arrivals by region (2010)

Negative Growth in 2009

• Global economic crisis had a major impact on tourism in 2009

• Tourism started to rebound in 2010 more so in developing countries

• Trends?– 2011– 2015 and beyond?

Current Global Issues??

• What global issues is the world facing today?

• How do these impact tourism?

Current issues in Global Tourism

• Safety and Security• Political Stability• Health• Swine Flu/Other outbreaks• Economic Recession• Pro-Poor Development/Equity• Ecological Sustainability

Current Issues in Global Tourism

• New Markets and Products• New and Emerging Destinations• Education and Training• Cross-Border Cooperation - EU• Sovereignty• Migration• Climate Change• Technology and E-tourism

International Travel

• Passports

• Visas

• Restrictions

• Embassies and Consulates

• International Relations

What are regions?

• Areas that are linked together by some socio-spatial, physical, or economic variables

A Regional Approach

Lesson on Geography

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZ9alkKF3NE&feature=player_embedded

Tourism Impacts

TDM 458

Ara Pachmayer

Impacts of Tourism

• Benefits and Disadvantages– Economic– Social – Cultural– Environment

Benefits of Tourism - Economic

• Provides employment opportunities

• Generates foreign exchange

• Increases personal income & GNP

• Can be built on existing infrastructure

• Develops new infrastructure that will also stimulate local commerce and industry

Benefits of Tourism - Economic

• Can be developed with local products and resources• Diversifies the economy

– So economies are less vulnerable to recessions, etc. • Tends to be compatible with other economic activities• Spreads development• High multiplier impact• Increases governmental revenues

– Hotel taxes– Bed taxes – which typically only the tourist will pay

Disadvantages of Tourism - Economic

• Results in high “leakage” – money leaving the economy• Creates difficulties of seasonality

– Many destinations have off season where businesses close, etc.• Causes inflation

– Prices may increase for residents• Can result in unbalanced economic development• Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes

Benefits of Tourism - Social

• Broadens educational and cultural horizons

• Improves quality of life - higher incomes and improved standards of living

• Provides tourist and recreational facilities that may be used by a local population

Disadvantages of Tourism - Social

• Commercializes culture, religion, and the arts– Popener – image of the Pope on a bottle opener below

• Creates conflicts/misunderstandings in/with the host society

• Contributes to disease, economic fluctuation, and transportation problems

• Day-to-day activities– Increased pace of life– Congestion and crowding– Competition for leisure resources – (beaches, restaurants)

All Cultures are Dynamic

• Cultures change and evolve due to:– Internal forces– External forces

• Acculturation Culture

Benefits of Tourism - Cultural

• Reinforces preservation of heritage and tradition• Visitor interest in local culture provides employment for

artists, musicians and other performing artists enhancing cultural heritage

• Breaks down language barriers, socio-cultural barriers, class barriers, racial barriers, political barriers, and religious barriers

• Creates a favorable worldwide image for a destination• Promotes a global community• Promotes international understanding and peace• Generate cultural understanding and awareness

Disadvantages of Tourism - Cultural

Morality and social norms• Change sexual norms and behavior• Kissing in Public, prostitution, crime, shift in

dress and behavior to imitate tourists• Weaken family structures and shifts in family

behaviors• Divorce rate

• Shift in importance of traditional religious practices• Which may become tourist attractions

• Justification for conservation and environmental protection– Tourism promotes conservation activities by convincing

politicians, government officials and the general public about the importance of natural areas for generating income from tourism.

• Direct economic support for conservation (some amount of revenue is directly spent on conservation)- User Fees

Benefits of Tourism - Environmental

Disadvantages of Tourism - Environmental• Degrades the natural environment and creates pollution

– Cars, buses, recreation vehicles• Energy (Energy consumption by tourists is four times higher than locals)• Flora

– Alien seeds carried by tourists– Illegal collection of plants by tourists– Tramping by tourists– Tourism related erosion problems

• Fauna– Wildlife dependency on tourists– Photographing by tourists– Chasing animals by tourists– Vehicular traffic disturbance

Disadvantages of Tourism - Environmental

Buying souvenirs (endangered plants and animals products)

Disadvantages of Tourism - Environmental

Littering • Nonbiodegradable

wastes

Collected trash from Mt Everest Year Oxygen Bottles Used Batteries Empty Fuel Canisters1995 140 200 100 1998 157 520 216

Other impacts

• Noise pollution

• Landscape

• Visual pollution (eg. graffiti)