26
Lecture 3 Sociology with Anthropology 1 st Quarter –1 st Semester SY 2011-2012 ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIETY

Lec 3 socio

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Lec 3 socio

Lecture 3Sociology with Anthropology

1st Quarter –1st SemesterSY 2011-2012

ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF

SOCIETY

Page 2: Lec 3 socio

Is a science concerned with the study of man

Main focus: the feature that is unique to humans – the cultural behavior.

ANTHROPOLOGY

Page 3: Lec 3 socio

ANTHROPOLOGYPolitical Science

Education

Sociology

Economics

Medicine

Man’s government

Man’s production, distribution, & consumption of

goods

Man’s healthMan’s society

Man’s formal training

Page 4: Lec 3 socio

Paleontological Evidence of Evolution: The Fossil Record

Paleontology – the study of extinct animals.

- the study of remains of ancient organisms that are occasionally preserved in earth layers of different age.

Fossils – remains of the past organisms

Page 5: Lec 3 socio

Fossils: SkeletonImprints of body structuresFrozen animals Preserved animals found in

logs

Paleontological Evidence of Evolution: The Fossil Record

Page 6: Lec 3 socio

Fossil recordAdds time depth to the

biological pictureYields actual ancestral types

from which relatively similar living forms of organisms could have been derived

Provides diachronic proof of common ancestry

Paleontological Evidence of Evolution: The Fossil Record

Page 7: Lec 3 socio

Dating Pre-Historic RemainsMethods:

Relative Dating Method Is used if the concern

evolutionary sequences makes important to know which forms of life came after which.

Object/specimen can be arranged in chronological order but the exact age may not be known.

Ex: flourine, uranium, & nitrogen tests

Page 8: Lec 3 socio

Absolute MethodCan determine the exact or approximately

exact ages.Determines the evolutionary sequences of

two crucial fossils or cultural depositsEx: (a) Physico chemical dating (uses

uranium & thorium); (b) Potassium argon dating (used to determine the age of rocks in deposits, not the fossil)

Dating Pre-Historic Remains

Page 9: Lec 3 socio

Carbon 14 (C14) dating◦ Used with organic materials like wood,

bone seeds, & other organic materials. Biological Analysis

(a) Pollen Analysis or Polynology – analyzes the relative frequencies of different kinds of pollen in reconstructing local climatic conditions in recent deposits.(b) Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) – it uses the fact that tree grows faster in wet years than in dry years, shown on the annual growth rings.

Dating Pre-Historic Remains

Page 10: Lec 3 socio

Mechanisms of Human Evolution (The Origin of Man)

How do species originate?

Has it undergone the gradual process of evolution over a number of generations?

Page 11: Lec 3 socio

Natural Selection (Charles Darwin, 1882 & Alfred Wallace)They demonstrated that inheritable

variations are differentially affected by the environment.

They asserted that those who possess adaptively valuable qualities in their environment will be at an advantage in comparison with those who do not possess such qualities

Mechanisms of Human Evolution

Page 12: Lec 3 socio

Genetics (Gregor Mendel)Genes – carry hereditary traits

- subject to occasional unpredictable alterations (mutations)

Mechanisms of Human Evolution

Page 13: Lec 3 socio

Origin of Man

The Bible says that God created man

Evolutionary theories say that man evolved from apes

Page 14: Lec 3 socio

Origin of Man

Page 15: Lec 3 socio

Human EvolutionProconsul

Discovered by Leakey in Rusinga Island

3 species:Proconsul Africanus (gibbon-sized type)

Proconsul Nyanzae (chimpanzee-sized type)

Proconsul Major (gorilla-sized type)

Page 16: Lec 3 socio

Ramapithecus brevirostis Emerged from dyopithecinesDiscovered where lateral incisors,

premolars and the first 2 molars showed that the upper jaw was more manlike.

Its dental structures points squarely in the direction of man.

Human Evolution

Page 17: Lec 3 socio

AustralopithecinesExtinct ape men of early

Pleistocene AfricaFeet and legs were

thoroughly man-likeSkulls were more ape-likeTeeth, bones of lower

extremities and the hips are more human-like

Human Evolution

Page 18: Lec 3 socio

Pithecanthropines East Asian Apes of the middle

Pleistocene periodSmall frontal lobe of the brainWalked erectCulture consisted of quartize pebble

toolsUsed fire for cooking and warmthOccasionally cannibalism

Human Evolution

Page 19: Lec 3 socio

Pithecanthropus erectus – Javanese variety; discovered by Eugene Dubois at Trimil Central Java. Upright ape-man.

Human Evolution

Page 20: Lec 3 socio

Human Evolution Pithecanthropus

pekinensis – Chinese variety; discovered by Dr. Von Koenigswald.

Peking man cranial capacity

averaging about 1,000 cubic cm

Flat skull Small forehead  limb bones are

indistinguishable from those of modern humans.

Teeth are essentially modern

Page 21: Lec 3 socio

Pithecanthropines Pithecanthropus

robustus - Teeth were essentially human

Brain volume is 770-1000 cubic cm

Discovered by Davidson Black in a cave of Peking (Cheukouten)

Human Evolution

Page 22: Lec 3 socio

Neanderthal Man Discovered during the middle Palaeolithic

eraHas flat, heavy skull & slant foreheadLarge brow ridgesBroad flat noseHeavy jutting jawWas replaced by the Homo sapiens

Human Evolution

Page 23: Lec 3 socio

Homo sapiens (modern man)Varieties of modern man:

Cro-magnon of FranceSlightly taller and more ruggedly built man than the contemporary European man

White-skinned

Human Evolution

Page 24: Lec 3 socio

Humans Zoological Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Order Primata Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Catarrhini Superfamiliy Hominoidea Family Hominidae Tribe Hominini Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens Subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens

Page 25: Lec 3 socio

Primate Tendencies (Anthropoid Primates):·Grasping·Smell to Sight·Nose to Hand·Brain Complexity·Parental Investment·Sociality

Primates Common Behavior:·Learning·Tool·Predation and Hunting

Human vs. Other Primates:·Sharing and Cooperation·Mating and Kinship

Page 26: Lec 3 socio