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Presentation by Mauricio Lopes, Executive Director, Research Development, Embrapa, at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 4, Session 1: How can developing countries advance towards a more sustainable agriculture? A concrete experience on development of a science-based Tropical Agriculture in Brazil.
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Objectives
Illustrate, through the Brazilian experience, that
developing countries can reach food security while
promoting more sustainable ways to access and
use their natural resource base;
Illustrate, through the Brazilian experience, that
developing countries can reach food security while
promoting more sustainable ways to access and
use their natural resource base;
Describe the Brazilian experience of combining
public policies, institutional and human
development and a science-based strategy to
promote agricultural innovation.
Describe the Brazilian experience of combining
public policies, institutional and human
development and a science-based strategy to
promote agricultural innovation.2010 by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply.
Before the 1970´s Brazil was
not a food secure country.
• Low agricultural production and low yields;
Tropical ForestTropical Forest
SemiSemi--AridArid
Challenges to Agricultural Development in Brazil
• Production concentrated in the South and Southeast Regions;
• Constant food supply crisis and rural poverty;
• Lack of specific knowledge in Tropical Agriculture;
• Lack of adequate agricultural development policies;
• Brazil known as coffee and sugar producer.
SavannahSavannah
Evolution of Agriculture in Brazil
Agricultural Expansion in Brazil
From the 1960´s to the 1990´s
9
Area/ main crops m ha
1- Flooded rice 0.952- Soybean 3.30
Corn 1.30Wheat 0.60
3- Soybean 3.20Corn 2.40Wheat 0.90
4- Soybean 1.20
The Country Developed a Diverse Agrifood System
1
2
3
45
6
78
9
1011
12
13
4- Soybean 1.20Pasture 11.00
5- Sugarcane 2.50Coffee 0.30Citrus 0.70
6- Coffee 1.007- Soybean 1.80
Corn 0.80Cotton 0.10Dry beans 0.20Pasture 9.00
8- Soybean 3.30Cotton 0.50Corn 0.40Pasture 12.00
9- Pasture 10.0010- Tropical fruits 0.0711- Sugarcane 0.9012- Coffee 0.6013- Drybeans 0.70
Soybean 0.90
Rising Agricultural ProductivityYield increases (1975 to 2009): from 60% to over 200%
SOJA
110
130
150
170
190
CAFÉ (em grão)
50
100
150
200
250
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
Fonte: IBGE
TOMATE
150
200
250
300
CEBOLA
80
130
180
230
280
330
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Fonte: IBGE
ARROZ
50
100
150
200
250
300
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Fonte: IBGE
FEIJÃO
110
130
150
170
100
110
120
130
80
90
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
Slaughter rate = 25 %
140
170
200
Rice Onions Coffee Beef cattle
Dairy cattleSoybeansTomatoesBeans
50
70
90
110
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
Fonte: IBGE
BATATA
50
100
150
200
250
300
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
Fonte: IBGE
LARANJA
90
110
130
150
170
190
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
Fonte: IBGE
50
100
150
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Fonte: IBGE
Milho
50
100
150
200
250
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Fonte: IBGE
50
70
90
197
5
197
7
197
9
198
1
198
3
198
5
198
7
198
9
199
1
199
3
199
5
199
7
199
9
200
1
200
3
200
5
Fonte: IBGE
1975 1980 1985 199550
80
110
1975=100
Milk / head = 70 %
1970 2009
Days to slaughter 50 39
Weight kg 1.8 2.2
Food conversion (wtwt) 1.4 1.7
Corn Potatoes Oranges Poultry
Brazil Became a Food Secure Country
Source: Martha Jr., data from Dieese (2010)
2009 Ranking: Brazilian Production and Exports
Brazil Became an Important Food Exporter
Source: MAPA, 2010
Around 79% of the Brazilian food production is consumed domestically and 21% is shipped to over 180 foreign markets
Brazil Developed a Clean Energy Matrix
Natural GasCoal4,8%
Other renewable sources
3,8% Uranium1,4%
Brazilian Agriculture: Food, Feed, Fiber and Fuel
Petroleum and derivatives
37,9%
Sugarcane18,1%
Hydroelectricity15,2%
Wood and other biomass
10,1%
Natural Gas8,8%
4,8%
Source: BEN (2010). Elaboration: UNICA
Agriculture Supporting Development
Brazilian Agricultural Exports (US$ billions) – From 2001 to 2011
Source: MAPA, 2012 - with data from Secex* Expected
Increase agricultural modernization and food production capacity in record time
How was it possible?
Evolution of Agriculture in Brazil
Key Drivers for Development of an Advanced
Tropical Agriculture in Brazil
Key Drivers for Development of an Advanced
Tropical Agriculture in Brazil
Government commitment and public policies (macro/agro);
Development of science-based tropical agriculture;
Availability of basic infrastructure;
Key Drivers of Agricultural Innovation in Brazil
Agricultural Expansion in BrazilFrom the 1960´s to the 1990´s
Large extension of arable land and adequate climatic conditions;
Landscape suitable for mechanization;
Availability of mineral resources (limestone and phosphate);
Entrepreneurship of our farmers.
Changes in Relative Rate of Assistance - RRABrazil, China, Ghana, and Indonesia
The RRA is a ratio of the
nominal assistance to
agriculture to the nominal
assistance to non-agricultural
sectors.
If both are equally assisted, the
Source: The World Bank
If both are equally assisted, the
RRA is zero.
By 1996, Brazil had removed
the negative barriers to
agricultural development and
was supporting agriculture at
least equal to other sectors.
Creation of a Comprehensive Agricultural Research & TT System
The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation47 Embrapa Centers Dedicated to Technology Development
17 State Ag Research CentersLarge network of experimental stations
Federal Network ofProfessional Education
From Traditional to Science-based Agriculture
Private SectorBrazil has also an active and growing private sector, which supplies technologies and technical assistance mainly in farm inputs and food processing
70 Agricultural Universities > 100 Agro Technical High Schools
Embrapa Embrapa SoybeanSoybean CenterCenter
Institutional Building and StrengtheningThe country has built one of the largest ag research systems in the world
State-of-the-art infrastructure + strong training and capacity building
Source: Embrapa Soybean
Advanced Production SystemsAdvanced Production Systems
Contributions of Embrapa and Partners
From Traditional to Science-based Agriculture
EnvironmentEnvironment
AgroindustryAgroindustry
Regional DevelopmentRegional Development
A Comprehensive Portfolio
Inbred LinesInbred Lines
VarietiesVarieties
HybridsHybrids
GermplasmGermplasm
BioinsecticidesBioinsecticides
OGMsOGMs
Agricultural MachineryAgricultural Machinery
Cultivar Evaluation NetworksCultivar Evaluation Networks
Traceability and CertificationTraceability and Certification
Forecasting and Future AnalysisForecasting and Future Analysis
Biological Security NetworksBiological Security Networks
Gene and Biological FunctionGene and Biological Function
SystemSystem´́s Automations Automation
Monitoring Monitoring –– IPMIPM
From Traditional to Science-based Agriculture
Germplasm ExchangeGermplasm Exchange
Quarentine AnalysisQuarentine Analysis
Information NetworksInformation Networks
FranchisingFranchising
Quality ControlQuality Control
ConsultancyConsultancy
TrainingTraining
Business IncubationBusiness Incubation
Agricultural MachineryAgricultural Machinery
EquipamentsEquipaments
Kits for diagnosticsKits for diagnostics
VaccinesVaccines Crop Management SystemsCrop Management Systems
Crop Adaptation ProcessesCrop Adaptation Processes
Food Processing MethodologyFood Processing Methodology
Plant & Animal TransformationPlant & Animal Transformation
Gene Prospection MethodologyGene Prospection Methodology
Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management
Fingerprinting Fingerprinting
Agroecological ZoningAgroecological Zoning
Traceability & Certification Traceability & Certification
Monitoring Monitoring –– Environmental QualityEnvironmental Quality
Monitoring Monitoring –– Food ChainsFood Chains
OGMs & BiosafetyOGMs & Biosafety
Evolution of Agriculture in Brazil
Moving Towards SustainabilityMoving Towards Sustainability
Changes in Grain Production and Area - 1991 to 2010*Changes in Grain Production and Area - 1991 to 2010*
Moving Towards Sustainability
Source: MAPA, 2010
Increasing agricultural modernization and food production capacity with great emphasis to environmental protection
Moving Towards Sustainability
Source: http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/geo5/GEO5_report_full_en.pdf
Brazil has one of the largest area of protected land in the world
Moving Towards Sustainability
Source: http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/geo5/GEO5_report_full_en.pdf
Agroecological Zoning of
Sugarcane for ethanol production
Brazil is using Zoning Technology to
Manage Agricultural Expansion
Sustainable Expansion of Agriculture in BrazilUse of advanced geo-technologies, zoning and management on territory basis
87% of sugarcane
production
Source: UNICA.http://www.cnps.embrapa.br/zoneamento_cana_de_acucar/ZonCana.pdf
Strong Emphasis in Conservation Agriculture
million ha
Brazil's agriculture has been significantly impacted by the transformation of farming from the old intensive tillage systems to new no-till systems.
Cultivated area under no-till systems in Brazil
Growing Seasonscurrent
Sources: Emater-RS, Epagri-SC, Emater-PR, Cati-SP, Fundação MS, Apdc (cerrado) / Bigma Consultoria
(http://www.bigma.com.br/artigos.asp?id=96)
Brazilian farmers have been the pioneers in no-till farming, maximizing the productivity benefits from Embrapa and other organizations´ R&D.
Strong Emphasis in Conservation Agriculture
Rotating annual crops such as maize, soybean and rice with no tillage allows intensification of land use, increased productivity per hectare, and reduced need for clearing more land for agriculture.
Integrating crops and livestock with zero tillage allows reduced use of energy and leaching herbicides, lower fertilizer use and lower greenhouse gas emissions.
Source: Landers 2007
http://www.agorams.com.br/jornal/2012/01/manejo-de-solo-adequado-aumento-da-
produtividade-e-ganhos-economicos/
http://www.agrolink.com.br/noticias/itaipu-e-embrapa-buscam-
ampliar-uso-do-biogas-e-do-plantio-direto_144538.html
In the past: intensive tillage systems leading to severe soil compaction and erosion
Before Conservation Agriculture
Source: Modified from Oliveira and Trecenti, 2009
Conservation Agriculture in BrazilMassive conversion of intensive tillage systems to no-till systems
Harnessing ecosystem services on-farm and on large landscape level
Agriculture is becoming a “producer” of clean water
Conservation Agriculture in BrazilKey component of Brazil´s low carbon emission program for agriculture
Contributions of CA towards a low carbon agriculture:
Facilitating carbon sequestration – Reducing green house gas emissions; Minimizing soil degradation, including erosion and chemical pollution; and
Responding to constraints such as high energy, input costs and resource scarcity.
Public policies are in place to support CA-based production systems
New Frontiers in Conservation Agriculture in Brazil
Intensification of land use with integrated crop-livestock-forest systemsSupported by Brazil´s low carbon emission program for agriculture
Source: MAPA, 2010 – Photos by Votorantin Metais
Intensification of land use with integrated crop-livestock-forest
systems
New Frontiers in Conservation Agriculture in Brazil
Source: Embrapa Cerrados
Target: 60+ million ha of degradedpastures – the new agricultural frontier
- System´s View and Complexity -Combination of 90+ different
technologies
Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems
Corn being harvested and pasture is ready to receive cattle
Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems
Source: Embrapa Cerrados
Structuring Projects in Africa
BrazilBrazil
13º S
Lichinga
Pro-Savannah Project - Mozambique
Sharing Knowledge – Gaining Time
NacalaNacala corridorcorridor
17º S
Nampula
� Similar biomes
� Similar challenges
� New learning opportunities
� A common vision for the future
Evolution of Agriculture in Brazil
ChallengesChallenges
Still a gap to technology use in agriculture
Mais da metade dos estabelecimentos agropecuários do
país utiliza baixo conteúdo tecnológico em sua
produção, informa estudo do Instituto de Pesquisa
Econômica Aplicada (Ipea). Quase 22% dos entrevistados
responderam que usam só sete de 22 métodos de auxílio à
produção.
Inclusion of Small and Family Farmers
http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9467
Esses métodos incluem utilização de fertilizantes, corretivos
de solo, defensivos, tratores, orientação
técnica, financiamento, cooperativismo, controle de
pragas, unidades armazenadoras, entre outros exemplos.
Do total de 5,2 milhões de estabelecimentos rurais no
país, listados no último Censo Agropecuário do
IBGE, apenas 983 mil usavam alta tecnologia, ou seja, mais
de nove dos 22 métodos de produção. O estudo, que fez 22
perguntas a produtores e pecuaristas, dividiu as unidades
de produção em 4,3 milhões da agricultura familiar e 809
mil da empresarial. Do total familiar, 19% usam alta
tecnologia. Na agricultura empresarial, 18% dos
estabelecimentos usam mais de nove métodos, o que os
classifica como usuários de alta tecnologia.
Challenges to Agricultural Development in the Tropics
- Tropical areas are the most challenging to agriculture -Intense biotic (pests) and abiotic (drought, soil acidity, low nutrients, etc) stresses.
All these challenges will be intensified with the global climatic changes.
- Tropical areas are the most challenging to agriculture -Intense biotic (pests) and abiotic (drought, soil acidity, low nutrients, etc) stresses.
All these challenges will be intensified with the global climatic changes.
Source: based on Cline, W. R. 2007. Global Warming and Agriculture: Impact Estimates by Country. Washington D.C.: Peterson Institute
Available at: http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/geo5/GEO5_report_full_en.pdf
Energy Use - GHG Emissions - Food Waste
Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/an913e/an913e.pdf
Agriculture and Green House Gas Emissions
Agriculture is an important source
of green house gas emissions:
Nitrogen Fertilizers (N20)
Enteric fermentation (CH )
http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2011/04/global-carbon-footprint/
Enteric fermentation (CH4)
Animal waste (CH4 e N20)
Rice cultivation (CH4)
Burning of agricultural waste (…)
Biomass burning (CH4 e N20)
…
Total Global Water WithdrawnIn billions of cubic meters, 2007
Globally, agriculture
accounts for nearly 70
percent of all water
withdrawals.
Source: FAO data from Global Harvest Initiative GAP Report (2011).
Food Security… But Also Nutritional Security!
http://awesome.good.is/transparency/web/0910/world-health/flat.html
Megachange: The World in 2050
by The Economist on May 01, 2012
Food Security… But Also Food Safety!
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037810
Analysis of the international
food-trade network shows great
vulnerability to the fast spread of
contaminants.
Source: Ercsey-Ravasz M, Toroczkai Z, Lakner Z, Baranyi J (2012) Complexity of the International Agro-Food Trade
Network and Its Impact on Food Safety. PLoS ONE 7(5): e37810. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037810
Evolution of Agriculture in Brazil
ConclusionsConclusions
Conclusions
Governments cannot have a simplistic view of the challenges
involved in achieving food and nutritional security while moving
towards more sustainable agricultural systems…
Governments cannot have a simplistic view of the challenges
involved in achieving food and nutritional security while moving
towards more sustainable agricultural systems…
…especially in tropical areas, where are the poorest countries
and the most challenging environments to agriculture;
…especially in tropical areas, where are the poorest countries
and the most challenging environments to agriculture;
Conclusions
Countries must devise ways of combining public policies
and support to drive:
Countries must devise ways of combining public policies
and support to drive:
Institutional and human development,
Infrastructure investments,
Science-based innovation strategies, and
Entrepreneurship (farmers, PPP, etc).
Institutional and human development,
Infrastructure investments,
Science-based innovation strategies, and
Entrepreneurship (farmers, PPP, etc).
Economic prosperity as a way to improve the environment
Sustainability & Economic Growth must not be seen as substitutes but complements in development
Many Challenges Ahead…
Environment as a new opportunity of economic prosperity
Economy
EnvironmentSynergy
Source: Modified from UNEP, 2010
Communication with Society
Agriculture must not be seen as a problem, but as a solution and key component in the path towards a more
sustainable future.
Many Challenges Ahead…
sustainable future.