LaTeX Basics

Aubry Verret

October 22, 2013

What is LATEX?

Definition

La-tex [lah-tek or lay-tek]-nounA powerful document markup system that uses theTeX typesetting program. The current version isLaTeX2e.

LATEXPhilosophy

Content and Styling should remain separate.

The author writes the content. LaTeX takes care offormatting details like margins, indentation, andlayout.

Who uses LATEX?

Users include:

I Journals and conferences primarily in scientificand technical disciplines

I Researchers publishing in a scientific, technicalfield(mathematics, physics, computer science,engineering), or humanities field

I Students studying in a scientific, technical, orhumanities discipline

How does it work?

Why use LATEX?

LATEXis:

I Free and easy to get

I Platform independent

I Flexible

I Capable of superior typographical output

I Well suited to typesetting mathematics

When should you use LATEX?

Getting LaTeX

I Windows - Miktex(http://www.miktex.org/ or ProTeXhttp://www.tug.org/protext/)

I Mac - MacTeX(http://www.tug.org/mactex/2009/)

I Linux - TeX Live(http://www.tug.org/texlive/)

Getting LaTeX

I Windows - Miktex(http://www.miktex.org/ or ProTeXhttp://www.tug.org/protext/)

I Mac - MacTeX(http://www.tug.org/mactex/2009/)

I Linux - TeX Live(http://www.tug.org/texlive/)

Getting LaTeX

I Windows - Miktex(http://www.miktex.org/ or ProTeXhttp://www.tug.org/protext/)

I Mac - MacTeX(http://www.tug.org/mactex/2009/)

I Linux - TeX Live(http://www.tug.org/texlive/)

Specialized Editors

Many free editors are available:

I LED (http://www.latexeditor.org/)

I TeXnicCenter (http://www.texniccenter.org/)

I TeXWorks (http://www.tug.org/texworks/)

I TeXMaker (http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/)

I Winedt (http://www.winedt.com/)

I TeXlipse-Eclipse plug-in(http://texlipse.sourceforge.net/)

LED

TeXWorks

Lyx

The Lyx document processor:

I Utilizes the TeX language

I Offers a graphical user interface

I Offers full support for document features such as equations,bibliographies, indexes, etc.

I Is designed for those who prefer to use LaTeX like a wordprocessor

www.lyx.org

Lyx

Getting Started

To open the TeXnic Center program go to:

Start → Programs → TeXnic Center

Open a new document and save it.

TeX files

Download tex files here:http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/brown/

rescomp/latex/practice.zip

TeXnicCenter

LATEXCommands

Example: \documentclass[10pt]{article}

Example: \begin{document}

LATEXCommands

Example: \documentclass[10pt]{article}

Example: \begin{document}

LATEXCommands

Example: \documentclass[10pt]{article}

Example: \begin{document}

Preamble - particle.tex

Building the project

Preamble Output

Document Classes

I article - shorter works such as papers for class,conference submissions, and journal articles

I report - longer works such as dissertations,theses, or short books

I book - long works with many sections orchapters

I letter - provides special structure for variousaspects of a letter

Adding Text - particle2.tex

Output

Sectioning Commands

\section{}\subsection{}\subsubsection{}

\paragraph{}\subparagraph{}\subsubparagraph{}

\chapter{}\part{}

Sectioning Commands Example - particle3.tex

Output

Itemized Lists

\begin{itemize}

\item One

\item Two

\item Three

\end{itemize}

I One

I Two

I Three

Enumerated Lists

\begin{enumerate}

\item One

\item Two

\item Three

\end{enumerate}

1. One

2. Two

3. Three

List Example - particle4.tex

Output

Footnotes

\footnote[number]{text}

I Automatically numbered

I Provides an optional argument for overridingautomatic numbering

Footnote Example - particle5.tex

Output

Table of Contents

\tableofcontents

I Requires no input

I Is placed where you want the ToC to appear

I Utilizes sectioning commands

ToC Example - particle6.tex

ToC Output

Bibliographies

BibTeX is used with LATEXto generate bibliographies.

1. Place bib entries in a separate .bib file

2. Reference the entries in the .tex file

3. Compile both files to generate the bibliography and references

Bib Entries

Bib file entry

@Book{Brooks 03 ,a u t h o r = {Max Brooks } ,t i t l e = {The Zombie S u r v i v a l Guide } ,p u b l i s h e r = {Three R i v e r s P r e s s } ,y e a r = {2003} ,i s b n = {1400049628} ,note = {Complete p r o t e c t i o n from t he l i v i n g dead .}}

Citations

Tex file citation

For more information on attack methods, please consult TheZombie Survival Guide\cite{Brooks03}.

Include these commands at the end of the tex file:

\bibliography{bib file name}\bibliographystyle{style name}

Building the Bibliography

Output

Bibliography Example - particle7.tex

Bibliography Example - particle.bib

Running BibTeX in TeXnicCenter

Output

Bibliography Assistance

External bibliography software:

I Jabref - free, easy to use with BibTeX

I RefWorks

I Endnote

Jabref

Mathematics

LATEXmust be put into math mode before usingmathematical symbols

Math environments:

I Math - short in-line equations

I Displaymath - equations set apart in text

I Equation - numbered and centered equations

Mathematics

LATEXmust be put into math mode before usingmathematical symbols

Math environments:

I Math - short in-line equations

I Displaymath - equations set apart in text

I Equation - numbered and centered equations

Mathematics

LATEXmust be put into math mode before usingmathematical symbols

Math environments:

I Math - short in-line equations

I Displaymath - equations set apart in text

I Equation - numbered and centered equations

Mathematics

LATEXmust be put into math mode before usingmathematical symbols

Math environments:

I Math - short in-line equations

I Displaymath - equations set apart in text

I Equation - numbered and centered equations

Math Environments

Math

I \begin{math}...\end{math}I $...$

Displaymath

I \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}I $$...$$

Equation

I \begin{equation}...\end{equation}

Mathematical Notation

Example:

∮∂S

B · dl = µo IS + µoεo∂ΦE ,S

∂t

$$\ o int {\ p a r t i a l S}B\cdotp d l = \mu o I S + \mu o\ e p s i l o n o \ f r a c {\ p a r t i a l \Phi {E , S}}{\ p a r t i a l t } $$

More Examples

Example:

∞∑n=0

f n(a)

n!(x − a)n

$$\sum^{\infty}_{n=0} \frac{f^{n}(a)}{n!}(x - a)^n$$

¬(p ∨ q)⇐⇒ (¬p) ∧ (¬q)

$$\neg (p \vee q) \Longleftrightarrow (\neg p)

\wedge (\neg q) $$

More Examples

Example (Matrices)a11 a12 · · · a1na21 a22 · · · a2n

......

. . ....

an1 an2 · · · ann

x1x2...xn

=

00...0

$$\left[ \begin{array}{cccc}

a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\

a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\

\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\

a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{array} \right]

\left[ \begin{array}{c}

x_1 \\ x_2 \\ \vdots \\

x_n \end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c}

0 \\ 0 \\ \vdots \\ 0 \end{array} \right]$$

Math Assistance

You can find:

I Binary operators

I Trig functions

I Set notation

I Greek Symbols

I Delimeters

and more here : http://web.ift.uib.no/

Fysisk/Teori/KURS/WRK/TeX/symALL.html

Math Example - particle8.tex

Output

Amsmath Package

If you use mathematics heavily in your documents,you might consider using the amsmath package. Itprovides some enhancements to the normal LaTeXmath capabilities which make typesetting formulaseasier and more attractive.

Go here for more info:

http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html

Packages

LATEXpackages are add-ons that provide added ormodified styling features to your document

I color- enables you to typeset in color

I babel- offers support for other languages

I hyperref- provides support for url’s in adocument

Include the following command in the preamble:

\usepackage{package name}

Graphics

LATEXuses the package graphicx to manage graphics

\include{graphicx}

This package allows you to:

I Use several file formats

I Scale images

I Crop images

I Rotate images

Image formats

Using the latex command:

I EPS format

Using the pdflatex command:

I JPG

I PNG

I PDF

Inserting Graphics

Insert graphics using:

\includegraphics[options]{image file}

Options include:

I width and height

I scale

I rotation angle

I trim

Example Graphic:

\includegraphics[scale = .5]{science cat}

Example Graphic:

\includegraphics[scale = .5, angle = 90]{science cat}

Figures

Include figures using the figure environment:

\begin{figure}...\end{figure}

Placement options:

I h - here

I t - top of page

I b - bottom of page

I p - separate page

Example Figure

\begin{figure}

\centering

\includegraphics{graphics/participants-pie}

\caption{Registrants for this class}

\end{figure}

Output

Figure: Registrants for this class

Example Figure - particle9.tex

Output

Referencing Figures

Inside the figure environment include:\label{fig:Figure name}

\begin{figure}

\centering

\includegraphics{figure}

\caption{Place caption here}

\label{fig:figure}

\end{figure}

Reference the figure in text with:\ref{fig:Figure name}

Referencing Figures

Inside the figure environment include:\label{fig:Figure name}

\begin{figure}

\centering

\includegraphics{figure}

\caption{Place caption here}

\label{fig:figure}

\end{figure}

Reference the figure in text with:\ref{fig:Figure name}

Referencing Figures

Inside the figure environment include:\label{fig:Figure name}

\begin{figure}

\centering

\includegraphics{figure}

\caption{Place caption here}

\label{fig:figure}

\end{figure}

Reference the figure in text with:\ref{fig:Figure name}

How to Make A Table

To make a table in LATEX use the tabular environment:

\begin{tabular}...\end{tabular}

Separate columns with the ”&” symbol

Separate rows with the double backslash ”\\”

How to Make A Table

To make a table in LATEX use the tabular environment:

\begin{tabular}...\end{tabular}

Separate columns with the ”&” symbol

Separate rows with the double backslash ”\\”

Tabular Layout

Specify the column layout when you call tabular:

\begin{tabular}{l|l|l}

Vertical bars produce vertical lines between columns.

Alignment Symbols

I l - align left

I r - align right

I c - centered

Tables

\begin{tabular}{ l | l | l }

Class & Species & Lays eggs? \\

mammal & lion & \XSolidBrush \\

mammal & tiger & \XSolidBrush \\

mammal & platypus & \Checkmark \\

reptile & iguana & \Checkmark \\

reptile & snake & \Checkmark \\

aves & flamingo & \Checkmark \\

\end{tabular}

Class Species Lays eggs?

mammal lion %

mammal tiger %

mammal platypus !

reptile iguana !

reptile snake !

aves flamingo !

TablesChange alignments:

\begin{tabular}{| l | r | c | }

Class & Species & Lays eggs? \\

mammal & lion & \XSolidBrush \\

mammal & tiger & \XSolidBrush \\

mammal & platypus & \Checkmark \\

reptile & iguana & \Checkmark \\

reptile & snake & \Checkmark \\

aves & flamingo & \Checkmark \\

\end{tabular}

Class Species Lays eggs?

mammal lion %

mammal tiger %

mammal platypus !

reptile iguana !

reptile snake !

aves flamingo !

TablesAdd horizontal lines:

\begin{tabular}{| l | r | c | } \hline

Class & Species & Lays eggs? \\ \hline\hline

mammal & lion & \XSolidBrush \\ \hline

mammal & tiger & \XSolidBrush \\ \hline

mammal & platypus & \Checkmark \\ \hline

reptile & iguana & \Checkmark \\ \hline

reptile & snake & \Checkmark \\ \hline

aves & flamingo & \Checkmark \\ \hline

\end{tabular}

Class Species Lays eggs?

mammal lion %

mammal tiger %

mammal platypus !

reptile iguana !

reptile snake !

aves flamingo !

TablesNot so many:

\begin{tabular}{| l | r | c | } \hline

Class & Species & Lays eggs? \\ \hline\hline

mammal & lion & \XSolidBrush \\

& tiger & \XSolidBrush \\

& platypus & \Checkmark \\ \hline

reptile & iguana & \Checkmark \\

& snake & \Checkmark \\ \hline

aves & flamingo & \Checkmark \\ \hline

\end{tabular}

Class Species Lays eggs?

mammal lion %

tiger %

platypus !

reptile iguana !

snake !

aves flamingo !

TablesPartial hlines

\begin{tabular}{| l | r | c | } \hline

Class & Species & Lays eggs? \\ \hline\hline

mammal & lion & \XSolidBrush \\ \cline{2-3}

& tiger & \XSolidBrush \\ \cline{2-3}

& platypus & \Checkmark \\ \hline

reptile & iguana & \Checkmark \\ \cline{2-3}

& snake & \Checkmark \\ \hline

aves & flamingo & \Checkmark \\ \hline

\end{tabular}

Class Species Lays eggs?

mammal lion %

tiger %

platypus !

reptile iguana !

snake !

aves flamingo !

Tables

The table enviroment:

\begin{table} ... \end{table}

allows you to:

I Turn a table into a float

I Add a caption

I Number the table for referencing

Tables

table environment

Table: Who lays eggs?

Class Species Lays eggs?

mammallion %

tiger %

platypus !

reptileiguana !

snake !

aves flamingo !

Example Table - particle10.tex

Table Output

Decoding Error Messages

Steps to decode error messages:

I Begin with the first error message

I Look for line numbers (l.43 for example)

I Line number indicates where error was firstdetected

I Check spelling!

Common Errors

I Undefined control sequence - you used acommand that doesn’t exist

I Runaway argument - you left off a ”}”I Missing $ inserted - some of your text needs to

be in math mode

I Paragraph ended before \end was complete -missing ”}”

I LATEXWarning: Reference ... undefined on -recompile so LATEXcan get all of your references

Where To Get Help

I Books - LATEXConcisely by Adrian Johnstone

I Online - numerous manuals available

I Research Computing Lab -www2.lib.virginia.edu/brown/rescomp/

help/index.html

Most Commonly Used Commands

Figure: Top 10 Commands Out of 37,400 .tex Files

Special Characters

Some characters have a special significance in LATEX

\ # $ % & ˆ { }

They must be preceded by the escape character ”\”

For example:\ $

Special Characters

Some characters have a special significance in LATEX

\ # $ % & ˆ { }

They must be preceded by the escape character ”\”

For example:\ $

Fonts

Default Font: Computer modern

Default font size: 10pt

How to change the default font:

I Additional fonts are available for installation(http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/)

How to change the default font size:

I \documentclass command accepts [11pt] and [12pt] as options

I fix-cm package overrides font size defaults

I special commands

Fonts

Default Font: Computer modern

Default font size: 10pt

How to change the default font:

I Additional fonts are available for installation(http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/)

How to change the default font size:

I \documentclass command accepts [11pt] and [12pt] as options

I fix-cm package overrides font size defaults

I special commands

Font Size Commands

\tiny(5pt)

\scriptsize(7pt)

\footnotesize(8pt)

\small(9pt)

\normalsize(10pt)

\large(12pt)

\Large(14pt)

\LARGE(18pt)

\huge(20pt)\Huge(24pt)