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PELLETISATION OF MUSA ACUMINATA BALBISIANA AND MUSA PATADISIACA SAPIENTUM BIOMASS
WASTES FOR POWER GENERATION FROM SMALL-SCALE BANANA PLANTATION IN SARAWAK
NAZERI ABDUL RAHMAN
NABILAH HANANI KASSIM
ASSOC. PROF ALKHALID OTHMAN
DR HUSHAIRI ZEN
MOHD FARID ATAN
NORAZIAH ABDUL WAHAB
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND ENERGY
SUSTAINABILITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
The electricity generated by Renewable Energy will never run out of sources if utilise sustainably.
Pellets produce from biomass wastes have some advantages such as ease the storage, transport, and feeding in combustion units.
Two types of banana species are studied in this research which are Musa Acuminata Balbisiana and Musa Patadisiaca Sapientum or locally known as ‘Pisang Kepok’ and ‘Pisang Tanduk’ respectively.
Pisang Kepok
Pisang Tanduk
The agriculture areas have increased rapidly in Malaysia
The amount of biomass wastes produced is also increased.
Banana plantations produce four main biomass wastes which are rejected fruits, peels, leaves and trunks.
Current wastes disposal methods are left to decay at the plantation and some are used as animal feed.
Banana plantation wastes left in the plantation which is susceptible to open burning
Agricultural Wastes
To utilise Musa Acuminata Balbisiana (Pisang Kepok) and Musa Patadisiaca Sapientum (Pisang Tanduk) plantation biomass wastes as raw material for pellet production.
The pellets produced are destined for power generation.
The study focuses on biomass wastes produced by small scale banana plantation in Southern Sarawak (Kuching and Samarahan Divisions).
Biomass Power Plant
Biomass Pellet
To identify and estimate the amount of suitable biomass wastes from small scale banana plantations for pelletisation.
To attempt pelletisation of banana plantation wastes.
To test the characteristics of produced pellets in (ii) for its bulk density, pellet density, amount of fines, moisture content, calorific value, and ash content after combustion
To compare the produced pellet on (ii) to commercially available pellet such as wood pellets.
Wood Pellet
Wood Pellet Machine
Wood Pellet Heater
METHODOLOGY
The methodology is divided into three parts;
A. Questionnaire
B. Pelletisation
C. Experiments Testing
Identification of banana plantation biomass wastes are through questionnaire questions as follows;
i. Personal information – name, company, position, and working experience.
ii. Plantation information – location, type of banana plantation, total area of the plantation, and etc.
iii. Plantation biomass wastes estimation – before and during harvesting period.
iv. Wastes generated from plantation and disposal method.
v. Other plantation information – labour force, governmental support, problems encountered, and knowledge on pelletisation.
Pelletisation of banana plantation wastes through four main stages;
i. Mould preparation
ii. Banana plantation wastes preparation
iii. Pellet sample composition
iv. Pelleting process
Types of pellet Composition
Pseudostems (Trunks) 100%
Leaves 100%
Peels 100%
Cut raw material
Grinded raw material
Male and female mould
Hot Press Machine
Grinder
Testing experiment was carried out in order to determine the pellet properties such as;
i. Bulk density .
ii. Pellet density.
iii. Amount of fines.
iv. Moisture content.
v. Calorific value.
vi. Ash content.
Questionnaire Analysis
i. Study location – Kpg Tanjung Parang in Asajaya and Kpg. Rangkang in Sadong Jaya both in Samarahan Division, Sarawak.
ii. Plantation biomass wastes survey – 4 types before harvesting and 5 types during harvesting period.
iii. Wastes generated and disposal method survey – mostly decay in situ for all type of banana plantation wastes.
Determination of biomass wastes from banana plantation
...................... Eq.1
..................... Eq.2
........................... Eq.3
.......................... Eq.4
... Eq.5
The biomass wastes produced before harvesting period
Type of
Wastes Growing period
Kpg. Tanjung
Parang
Kpg.
Rangkang
Average of
Total Amount
Pseudostems
(Trunks)
Average weight (kg) for each plant 12.0 10.2 11.1
Average weight (tonnes) for each
hectare 0.0330 0.0049 0.0189
Average frequency of pruning (months) 3 1 2
Leaves
(Fronds)
Average weight (kg) for each plant 5.1 1.1 3.1
Average weight (tonnes) for each
hectare 0.0085 0.0008 0.0046
Average frequency of pruning (months) 5 1 3
Suckers
Average weight (kg) for each plant 2.0 2.5 2.3
Average weight (tonnes) for each
hectare 0.0038 0.0015 0.0027
Average frequency of pruning (months) 6 2 4
Banana
blossom
Average weight (kg) for each plant 0.9 1.3 1.1
Average weight (tonnes) for each
hectare 0.0016 0.0009 0.0012
Average frequency of pruning (months) 7 1 4
Total amount of biomass wastes produced before harvesting period in Sarawak
The biomass wastes produced are enormous therefore it is feasible to utilise these resources as raw material for agricultural pellet as biofuel.
Division Estimated Area
(Hectare) Types of Wastes
Amount of Waste
(tonnes/yr)
Sarawak 3,728.6
Trunks 49,590
Leaves 20,880
Suckers 20,507
Banana blossom 9,694
Total 100,671
The biomass wastes produced during harvesting period
Type of Wastes Harvesting Period Kpg. Tanjung
Parang
Kpg.
Rangkang
Average of
Total Amount
Pseudostems
(Trunks) +
Crowns
Average weight (kg) for each plant 39.0 41.7 40.3
Average weight (tonnes) for each hectare 0.0747 0.0258 0.0503
Average frequency of pruning (months) 2 1 1
Suckers
Average weight (kg) for each plant 2.0 1.7 1.8
Average weight (tonnes) for each hectare 0.0038 0.0011 0.0024
Average frequency of pruning (months) 2 1 1
Corm
Average weight (kg) for each plant 0.4 1.2 0.8
Average weight (tonnes) for each hectare 0.0020 0.0007 0.0013
Average frequency of pruning (months) - 1 0.3
Banana peels
Average weight (kg) for each plant 5.2 2.0 3.6
Average weight (tonnes) for each hectare 0.0087 0.0011 0.0049
Average frequency of pruning (months) 1 1 1
Rejected banana
Average weight (kg) for each plant 1.0 1.5 1.3
Average weight (tonnes) for each hectare 0.0005 0.0010 0.0007
Average frequency of pruning (months) - 1 0.3
Total biomass wastes during harvesting period by division in Sarawak
Division Estimated Area
(Hectare)
Types of
Wastes
Amount of Wastes
(tonnes/yr)
Kuching 638.6
Trunks and
Crowns
15,454
Sri Aman 136.4 3,301
Sibu 178.3 4,315
Miri 307.5 7,442
Limbang 191.0 4,622
Sarikei 191.6 4,637
Kapit 111.6 2,701
Samarahan 1,231.3 29,797
Bintulu 174.3 4,218
Mukah 277.0 6,703
Betong 291.0 7,042
Sarawak 3,728.6 90,232
Experimental Testing Analysis
i. The overall results
ii. Effect of pellet characteristics
iii. Effect of pellet structure
The Overall Result;
6mm pellet size
8mm pellet size
Pellet Types
Bulk
Density
[kg/m3]
Pellet
Density
[kg/m3]
Amount
of Fines
[%]
Moisture Content [%] Ash
Content
[%] Oven Dry
Moisture
Analyser
100% Trunks 634 331 1.32 8.62 15.24 3.70
100% Leaves 636 398 1.93 9.67 12.32 4.96
100% Peels 647 909 0.72 21.97 19.75 10.66
Pellet Types
Bulk
Density
[kg/m3]
Pellet
Density
[kg/m3]
Amount
of Fines
[%]
Moisture Content [%] Calorific
Value
[J/g]
Ash
Content
[%] Oven Dry
Moisture
Analyser
100% Trunks 638 311 1.63 12.51 14.32 16,121 4.44
100% Leaves 642 403 3.29 8.34 11.81 18,517 4.22
100% Peels 663 965 1.39 22.63 21.59 15,203 11.06
Effect of Bulk Density
Banana wastes pellet and wood pellet bulk density
Effect of Pellet Density
Banana wastes pellet
Pellet Types Bulk Density (kg/m3)
100% Trunks 633-639
100% Leaves 635-643
100% Peels 645-665
Wood Pellet1 650-700 Note: 1Alakangas and Paju (2002)
Pellet Types Pellet Density [kg/m3]
100% Trunks 310-332
100% Leaves 397-404
100% Peels 908-966
Effect of Amount of Fines
Banana wastes pellet – ranges from 0.7-3.3%
Standard wood pellet – < 2%
Effect of Moisture Content
Banana wastes and wood pellet moisture content
Pellet Types Moisture Content (%)
100% Trunks 8-15
100% Leaves 8-12
100% Peels 19-23
Wood Pellet1 5-10 Note: 1Hansen et al. (2009)
Effect of Calorific Value
Banana wastes pellet comparison to unpelletised banana wastes
Pellet Types Calorific Value (kJ/kg)
100% Trunks 16,121
100% Leaves 18,517
100% Peels 15,203
Wet Banana Leaves1 5,470
Semi-Dried Banana Leaves1 19,800
Dry Banana Stalk2 12,100 Note: 1Sellin et al. (2010), 2GEC (2010)
Banana wastes pellet comparison to oil palm EFB pellet
Banana wastes pellet comparison to sago wastes pellet
Pellet Types Calorific Value (kJ/kg)
100% Trunks 16,121
100% Leaves 18,517
100% Peels 15,203
Oil Palm EFB1 17,888
Pulverised EFB + Sago Starch (90+10)2 16,858
Pulverised EFB + Sago Starch (90+5)2 16,894 Note: 1Choo (2008), 2Low (2009)
Pellet Types Calorific Value (kJ/kg)
100% Trunks 16,121
100% Leaves 18,517
100% Peels 15,203
Bark + Hampas (50+50)1 14,718
Bark + Wet Frond (50+50)2 14,936
100% Dry Frond2 15,879 Note: 1John (2010), 2Ruduan@Raduan (2010)
Banana wastes pellet comparison to wood pellet
Ash Content
Banana wastes pellet – 6mm pellet (3-10%) and 8mm pellet (4-11%)
Wood pellet standard – 6mm pellet (< 0.7%) and 8mm pellet (< 0.5%)
Pellet Types Calorific Value (kJ/kg)
100% Trunks 16,121
100% Leaves 18,517
100% Peels 15,203
Normal Wood Pellet1 18,000 Note: 1Choo (2008)
Effect of Pellet Structure
6mm pellets have a better bonding structure – the entire pellets does not have loose fibrous end or break.
8mm pellet had showed some broken end.
6mm banana wastes pellets
8mm banana wastes pellets
Main banana plantation biomass wastes – pseudostems (trunks), leaves, suckers, and banana blossom – can be utilised as raw material for pelletisation.
Banana wastes pellet have comparable bulk density to wood pellet which is suitable for commercialisation.
Higher pressure and temperature during pelletising process could improve the bulk density as well as pellet density in order to produce a more durable pellet.
Main banana plantation biomass wastes – pseudostems (trunks), leaves, suckers, and banana blossom – can be utilised as raw material for pelletisation.
Banana wastes pellet have comparable bulk density to wood pellet which is suitable for commercialisation.
Higher pressure and temperature during pelletising process could improve the bulk density as well as pellet density in order to produce a more durable pellet.
The author would to thank
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak for the use of facilities and equipment as well as Universiti Malaysia Sarawak for the supports in competing this research
The people of Kpg Tanjung Parang, Asajaya and Kpg. Rangkang, Sadong Jaya in Samarahan Division, Sarawak for their kind assistance and hospitality.