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PELLETISATION OF MUSA ACUMINATA BALBISIANA AND MUSA PATADISIACA SAPIENTUM BIOMASS WASTES FOR POWER GENERATION FROM SMALL- SCALE BANANA PLANTATION IN SARAWAK N AZERI A BDUL R AHMAN N ABILAH H ANANI K ASSIM A SSOC . P ROF A LKHALID O THMAN D R H USHAIRI Z EN M OHD FARID ATAN N ORAZIAH A BDUL WAHAB D EPARTMENT OF C HEMICAL E NGINEERING AND E NERGY S USTAINABILITY FACULTY OF E NGINEERING U NIVERSITI M ALAYSIA S ARAWAK

Kuching | Jan-15 | Pelletisation of musa acuminata balbisiana and musa patadisiaca sapientum biomass wastes for power generation from small- scale banana plantation in Sarawak

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PELLETISATION OF MUSA ACUMINATA BALBISIANA AND MUSA PATADISIACA SAPIENTUM BIOMASS

WASTES FOR POWER GENERATION FROM SMALL-SCALE BANANA PLANTATION IN SARAWAK

NAZERI ABDUL RAHMAN

NABILAH HANANI KASSIM

ASSOC. PROF ALKHALID OTHMAN

DR HUSHAIRI ZEN

MOHD FARID ATAN

NORAZIAH ABDUL WAHAB

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND ENERGY

SUSTAINABILITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

The electricity generated by Renewable Energy will never run out of sources if utilise sustainably.

Pellets produce from biomass wastes have some advantages such as ease the storage, transport, and feeding in combustion units.

Two types of banana species are studied in this research which are Musa Acuminata Balbisiana and Musa Patadisiaca Sapientum or locally known as ‘Pisang Kepok’ and ‘Pisang Tanduk’ respectively.

Pisang Kepok

Pisang Tanduk

The agriculture areas have increased rapidly in Malaysia

The amount of biomass wastes produced is also increased.

Banana plantations produce four main biomass wastes which are rejected fruits, peels, leaves and trunks.

Current wastes disposal methods are left to decay at the plantation and some are used as animal feed.

Banana plantation wastes left in the plantation which is susceptible to open burning

Agricultural Wastes

To utilise Musa Acuminata Balbisiana (Pisang Kepok) and Musa Patadisiaca Sapientum (Pisang Tanduk) plantation biomass wastes as raw material for pellet production.

The pellets produced are destined for power generation.

The study focuses on biomass wastes produced by small scale banana plantation in Southern Sarawak (Kuching and Samarahan Divisions).

Biomass Power Plant

Biomass Pellet

To identify and estimate the amount of suitable biomass wastes from small scale banana plantations for pelletisation.

To attempt pelletisation of banana plantation wastes.

To test the characteristics of produced pellets in (ii) for its bulk density, pellet density, amount of fines, moisture content, calorific value, and ash content after combustion

To compare the produced pellet on (ii) to commercially available pellet such as wood pellets.

Wood Pellet

Wood Pellet Machine

Wood Pellet Heater

METHODOLOGY

The methodology is divided into three parts;

A. Questionnaire

B. Pelletisation

C. Experiments Testing

Identification of banana plantation biomass wastes are through questionnaire questions as follows;

i. Personal information – name, company, position, and working experience.

ii. Plantation information – location, type of banana plantation, total area of the plantation, and etc.

iii. Plantation biomass wastes estimation – before and during harvesting period.

iv. Wastes generated from plantation and disposal method.

v. Other plantation information – labour force, governmental support, problems encountered, and knowledge on pelletisation.

Pelletisation of banana plantation wastes through four main stages;

i. Mould preparation

ii. Banana plantation wastes preparation

iii. Pellet sample composition

iv. Pelleting process

Types of pellet Composition

Pseudostems (Trunks) 100%

Leaves 100%

Peels 100%

Cut raw material

Grinded raw material

Male and female mould

Hot Press Machine

Grinder

Testing experiment was carried out in order to determine the pellet properties such as;

i. Bulk density .

ii. Pellet density.

iii. Amount of fines.

iv. Moisture content.

v. Calorific value.

vi. Ash content.

Questionnaire Analysis

i. Study location – Kpg Tanjung Parang in Asajaya and Kpg. Rangkang in Sadong Jaya both in Samarahan Division, Sarawak.

ii. Plantation biomass wastes survey – 4 types before harvesting and 5 types during harvesting period.

iii. Wastes generated and disposal method survey – mostly decay in situ for all type of banana plantation wastes.

Determination of biomass wastes from banana plantation

...................... Eq.1

..................... Eq.2

........................... Eq.3

.......................... Eq.4

... Eq.5

The biomass wastes produced before harvesting period

Type of

Wastes Growing period

Kpg. Tanjung

Parang

Kpg.

Rangkang

Average of

Total Amount

Pseudostems

(Trunks)

Average weight (kg) for each plant 12.0 10.2 11.1

Average weight (tonnes) for each

hectare 0.0330 0.0049 0.0189

Average frequency of pruning (months) 3 1 2

Leaves

(Fronds)

Average weight (kg) for each plant 5.1 1.1 3.1

Average weight (tonnes) for each

hectare 0.0085 0.0008 0.0046

Average frequency of pruning (months) 5 1 3

Suckers

Average weight (kg) for each plant 2.0 2.5 2.3

Average weight (tonnes) for each

hectare 0.0038 0.0015 0.0027

Average frequency of pruning (months) 6 2 4

Banana

blossom

Average weight (kg) for each plant 0.9 1.3 1.1

Average weight (tonnes) for each

hectare 0.0016 0.0009 0.0012

Average frequency of pruning (months) 7 1 4

Total amount of biomass wastes produced before harvesting period in Sarawak

The biomass wastes produced are enormous therefore it is feasible to utilise these resources as raw material for agricultural pellet as biofuel.

Division Estimated Area

(Hectare) Types of Wastes

Amount of Waste

(tonnes/yr)

Sarawak 3,728.6

Trunks 49,590

Leaves 20,880

Suckers 20,507

Banana blossom 9,694

Total 100,671

The biomass wastes produced during harvesting period

Type of Wastes Harvesting Period Kpg. Tanjung

Parang

Kpg.

Rangkang

Average of

Total Amount

Pseudostems

(Trunks) +

Crowns

Average weight (kg) for each plant 39.0 41.7 40.3

Average weight (tonnes) for each hectare 0.0747 0.0258 0.0503

Average frequency of pruning (months) 2 1 1

Suckers

Average weight (kg) for each plant 2.0 1.7 1.8

Average weight (tonnes) for each hectare 0.0038 0.0011 0.0024

Average frequency of pruning (months) 2 1 1

Corm

Average weight (kg) for each plant 0.4 1.2 0.8

Average weight (tonnes) for each hectare 0.0020 0.0007 0.0013

Average frequency of pruning (months) - 1 0.3

Banana peels

Average weight (kg) for each plant 5.2 2.0 3.6

Average weight (tonnes) for each hectare 0.0087 0.0011 0.0049

Average frequency of pruning (months) 1 1 1

Rejected banana

Average weight (kg) for each plant 1.0 1.5 1.3

Average weight (tonnes) for each hectare 0.0005 0.0010 0.0007

Average frequency of pruning (months) - 1 0.3

Total biomass wastes during harvesting period by division in Sarawak

Division Estimated Area

(Hectare)

Types of

Wastes

Amount of Wastes

(tonnes/yr)

Kuching 638.6

Trunks and

Crowns

15,454

Sri Aman 136.4 3,301

Sibu 178.3 4,315

Miri 307.5 7,442

Limbang 191.0 4,622

Sarikei 191.6 4,637

Kapit 111.6 2,701

Samarahan 1,231.3 29,797

Bintulu 174.3 4,218

Mukah 277.0 6,703

Betong 291.0 7,042

Sarawak 3,728.6 90,232

Experimental Testing Analysis

i. The overall results

ii. Effect of pellet characteristics

iii. Effect of pellet structure

The Overall Result;

6mm pellet size

8mm pellet size

Pellet Types

Bulk

Density

[kg/m3]

Pellet

Density

[kg/m3]

Amount

of Fines

[%]

Moisture Content [%] Ash

Content

[%] Oven Dry

Moisture

Analyser

100% Trunks 634 331 1.32 8.62 15.24 3.70

100% Leaves 636 398 1.93 9.67 12.32 4.96

100% Peels 647 909 0.72 21.97 19.75 10.66

Pellet Types

Bulk

Density

[kg/m3]

Pellet

Density

[kg/m3]

Amount

of Fines

[%]

Moisture Content [%] Calorific

Value

[J/g]

Ash

Content

[%] Oven Dry

Moisture

Analyser

100% Trunks 638 311 1.63 12.51 14.32 16,121 4.44

100% Leaves 642 403 3.29 8.34 11.81 18,517 4.22

100% Peels 663 965 1.39 22.63 21.59 15,203 11.06

Effect of Bulk Density

Banana wastes pellet and wood pellet bulk density

Effect of Pellet Density

Banana wastes pellet

Pellet Types Bulk Density (kg/m3)

100% Trunks 633-639

100% Leaves 635-643

100% Peels 645-665

Wood Pellet1 650-700 Note: 1Alakangas and Paju (2002)

Pellet Types Pellet Density [kg/m3]

100% Trunks 310-332

100% Leaves 397-404

100% Peels 908-966

Effect of Amount of Fines

Banana wastes pellet – ranges from 0.7-3.3%

Standard wood pellet – < 2%

Effect of Moisture Content

Banana wastes and wood pellet moisture content

Pellet Types Moisture Content (%)

100% Trunks 8-15

100% Leaves 8-12

100% Peels 19-23

Wood Pellet1 5-10 Note: 1Hansen et al. (2009)

Effect of Calorific Value

Banana wastes pellet comparison to unpelletised banana wastes

Pellet Types Calorific Value (kJ/kg)

100% Trunks 16,121

100% Leaves 18,517

100% Peels 15,203

Wet Banana Leaves1 5,470

Semi-Dried Banana Leaves1 19,800

Dry Banana Stalk2 12,100 Note: 1Sellin et al. (2010), 2GEC (2010)

Banana wastes pellet comparison to oil palm EFB pellet

Banana wastes pellet comparison to sago wastes pellet

Pellet Types Calorific Value (kJ/kg)

100% Trunks 16,121

100% Leaves 18,517

100% Peels 15,203

Oil Palm EFB1 17,888

Pulverised EFB + Sago Starch (90+10)2 16,858

Pulverised EFB + Sago Starch (90+5)2 16,894 Note: 1Choo (2008), 2Low (2009)

Pellet Types Calorific Value (kJ/kg)

100% Trunks 16,121

100% Leaves 18,517

100% Peels 15,203

Bark + Hampas (50+50)1 14,718

Bark + Wet Frond (50+50)2 14,936

100% Dry Frond2 15,879 Note: 1John (2010), 2Ruduan@Raduan (2010)

Banana wastes pellet comparison to wood pellet

Ash Content

Banana wastes pellet – 6mm pellet (3-10%) and 8mm pellet (4-11%)

Wood pellet standard – 6mm pellet (< 0.7%) and 8mm pellet (< 0.5%)

Pellet Types Calorific Value (kJ/kg)

100% Trunks 16,121

100% Leaves 18,517

100% Peels 15,203

Normal Wood Pellet1 18,000 Note: 1Choo (2008)

Effect of Pellet Structure

6mm pellets have a better bonding structure – the entire pellets does not have loose fibrous end or break.

8mm pellet had showed some broken end.

6mm banana wastes pellets

8mm banana wastes pellets

Main banana plantation biomass wastes – pseudostems (trunks), leaves, suckers, and banana blossom – can be utilised as raw material for pelletisation.

Banana wastes pellet have comparable bulk density to wood pellet which is suitable for commercialisation.

Higher pressure and temperature during pelletising process could improve the bulk density as well as pellet density in order to produce a more durable pellet.

Main banana plantation biomass wastes – pseudostems (trunks), leaves, suckers, and banana blossom – can be utilised as raw material for pelletisation.

Banana wastes pellet have comparable bulk density to wood pellet which is suitable for commercialisation.

Higher pressure and temperature during pelletising process could improve the bulk density as well as pellet density in order to produce a more durable pellet.

The author would to thank

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak for the use of facilities and equipment as well as Universiti Malaysia Sarawak for the supports in competing this research

The people of Kpg Tanjung Parang, Asajaya and Kpg. Rangkang, Sadong Jaya in Samarahan Division, Sarawak for their kind assistance and hospitality.