Upload
smart-villages
View
253
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Village Level Energy Access
in East Africa
Denyse Umubyeye
East Africa
Background
East Africa Population
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
Rwanda Uganda Kenya Tanzania
East Africa Population Size
66% 68% 70% 72% 74% 76% 78% 80% 82% 84% 86%
Tanzania
Kenya
Rwanda
Uganda
East Africa Rural Population (%)
East Africa General Energy Access
• Over 81% of the East Africa Community’s (EAC) population lives
without access to modern energy services.
• Less than 30% of households use Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) or
an improved cook stove (ICS).
• Less than 40% of urban, 5% of rural, households have access to
electricity.
• Less than 10% of schools, clinics and hospitals in rural areas have
access to grid electricity or a sufficient decentralised energy system to
meet their needs.
• Investments in grid electrification have been far greater than those for
clean cooking, decentralised electrification and mechanical power.
• Given the potential of various energy resources - biomass, solar, micro-
hydro and fossil fuels - greatest need for EAC region is investment.
East Africa Energy
Supply Side
East Africa Installed Energy Capacity (MW)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda
East Africa Installed Energy Capacity (MW)
hydropower 59%
geothermal 39%
cogeneration 2%
wind0%Kenya Energy Mix
Hydro58%
Thermal42%
Tanzania Energy Mix
East African Country’s Energy Mix
Hydroelectric59%
Thermal41%
Solar0%
Rwanda Energy Mix
Hydroelectric65%
Thermal32%
Biomass (bagasse)
3%
Uganda Energy Mix
East Africa Potential Energy Capacity (MW)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Kenya Energy Potential (MW)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Hydro Geothermal Biomass Wind Solar Installed
Tanzania Energy Potential (MW)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Hydro Geothermal Biomass Solar Installed
Uganda Energy Potential (MW)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Hydro Geothermal Biogas Installed
Rwanda Energy Potential (MW)
East Africa Fossil Fuel Deposits
• All 4 East African nations (Kenya, Uganda,
Tanzania and Rwanda) share common recent
history - significant energy resources discovered
in last 5 years.
• Kenya and Uganda have discovered large oil
deposits.
• Tanzania has significant natural gas deposits.
• Rwanda’s Lake Kivu has huge methane reserves
that can, and are, being converted into electricity.
East Africa
Rural Energy Use
East Africa Rural Energy Use
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%
Tanzania
Kenya
Rwanda
Uganda
East Africa Rural Population Using ICS (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda
East Africa Rural Population Using Solid Fuels (%)
East Africa Electrification Rate Ranking
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Kenya
Tanzania
Uganda
Rwanda
Ranking of Countries in SSA with Lowest Electrification Rates
Country Ranking
East Africa Energy Background
• Significant homogeneity of energy issues across the region:
o Arising from broad similarities in socio-economic and cultural, and
economic development levels.
• On-going or initiated regional energy sector reforms leading to:
o Formulation and enactment of energy agencies, authorities, acts
and policies.
o Gradual opening up of energy sector to private sector participation.
• Access to biomass fuels becoming increasingly monetised - resources
being commercialised, with livelihood implications for rural and urban
poor.
• Household access to electricity is largely for lighting purposes only.
• Lower income groups tend to spend larger portions of their household
income on fuel purchasing.
• Household income and fuel purchase patterns reflect global
patterns - households tend to move up energy ladder as their
disposable incomes rise.
• Limited research on impact of increased electrification but is an
aspirational commodity.
• Most electrical appliances, including light bulbs, radio, mobile
phone charger, music players and TV are important to rural and
urban residents.
• Evidence gap on potential of existing resources - how they can
be used for micro-industrial, institutional and household uses,
and mechanical power for commercial end-use.
East Africa Energy Background
Key Challenges of Rural Energy Access
• Limited awareness and exposure to benefits of energy
technologies - particularly rural East Africans.
• Limited technical capacity particularly in remote areas.
• Often high initial investment costs of technologies.
• Lack of appropriate and affordable financial services for energy
investments.
• Lack of ability to calculate life cycle costs of energy options of
most East Africans.
• Limited political will for rural energy options - also based on
limited knowledge.
• Highly informal nature of most rural areas which energy
programs have tackled to a limited extent.
• Rural end-user perception towards ICS not well established included
design, promotion, marketing and quality control of technologies.
• Cost saving arguments, especially with firewood stoves, have not
been effective when rural households don’t pay for firewood -
although now starting to change.
• Profitable business case for ICS producers, and other energy
technologies, not been established - reliance on subsidies and grants
for local producers.
• Cost of providing energy access to some areas is very high due to
their remoteness, dispersed populations and difficult terrains.
• Local communities don’t generate sufficient financial resources to
invest in significant energy infrastructure in many remote areas (e.g.
mini-grids).
Key Challenges of Rural Energy Access
East Africa
Energy Policies
East Africa Energy Policy Focus
• All 4 East African countries have an entity in charge in Rural
Electrification.
• The policy and legal framework – laws, policies and
regulations - for rural energy in region seem robust.
• However, until recently, government-led focus has been on
large infrastructure and grid sector energy including thermal,
hydro and fossil fuels.
• Donor and CSO-led focus has been more on non-thermal,
biomass and decentralised energy for households.
• Now starting to change.
Kenya Energy Policy
• Ministry of Energy and Petroleum responsible - recent name change due to recent
discovery of fossil fuels.
• Kenya Energy Act (2006) caters mainly for grid hydro electricity.
• It provides for the following entities:
o Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC)
o Rural Electrification Authority (REA)
o Rural Electrification Programme Fund (REPF)
o Energy Tribunal
• Act only makes distinction between urban and rural for electrification via the Rural
Electrification Authority (REA).
• REA mandate is promotion of renewable energy sources - small hydro, wind, solar,
biomass, geothermal, hybrid systems and oil fired components and electricity for
irrigation and rural income generating.
• Under Kenya’s Vision 2030 “Zero Kero” programme, aim is replacing kerosene with
alternative fuels such as biogas and liquid biofuels (e.g. bioethanol).
Tanzania Energy Policy
• Rural Energy Act of Tanzania (2005) oversees operation and
governance of the Rural Energy Board.
• Rural Energy Agency (REA) focuses on energy strategy
implementation, resource mobilisation, technical assistance and
research and development (R&D).
• Rural Energy Fund manages provision of grants, technical and
financial assistance.
• Together 3 entities responsible for promotion of improved access
to modern energy services in rural areas of Tanzania.
• Act acknowledges - sustainable development achieved when
modern rural energy services are promoted, facilitated and
supported through private and community initiatives and
involvement.
Tanzania Energy Rural Energy Strategy
• Role of Government in rural energy service provision - facilitator
of activities, with investments made by private and community
entities.
• Government targeting 30% electricity connectivity by 2015 with
250,000 new customer connections per annum from 2013-17.
• Rural Energy Policy, and the Tanzania Energy Development and
Access Expansion Program (TEDAP) guides rural electrification.
• So far REA has focused on grid extension within rural
electrification.
• Aims to promote rural productive uses including job creation,
stimulation of investment and revenue earnings.
• Access to modern energy is key to rural services - particularly
health, education, security and water sectors.
Uganda Energy Policy
• In Uganda energy lies with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development (MEMD).
• National Energy Policy proposes to meet the energy needs of its
population for social and economic development in an
environmentally sustainable manner.
• Policy framework provides Government’s vision - increased and
improved modern energy supply for sustainable economic
development as well as improving the quality of life of Ugandan
population.
• Rural energy overseen by Rural Electrification Agency (REA),
although only focuses on electrification (grid extension, mini-
grids and stand-alone electrification systems).
Rwanda Energy Policy
• Ministry of infrastructure (MININFRA) oversees energy
provision in Rwanda.
• Under this sits Energy, Water and Sanitation (EWSA).
• National Energy Policy and Strategy valid for 2008 until
2012.
• Not clear if a new document will be developed for current
period.
• Its biomass energy strategy documents (BEST) are well
established and enacted.
• Current programmes on ICS, biogas, solar PV and mini-
grids.
East Africa
Rural Energy Access
East Africa Rural Household Energy Use
• Energy stacking is a key feature, particularly for
cooking.
• Energy consumption patterns indicate fuel stacking
more prevalent than fuel switching in rural areas.
• Fuel switching is the main response to increasing
incomes in urban areas.
• Recent uptake of solar PV lanterns and home systems
particularly for mobile phone charging.
Kenya Energy Use
• Kenya has a fairly well developed infrastructure, transport and
communication networks compared to other East African countries.
• Wood fuel provides the majority of energy needs of the rural
communities, urban poor, and the informal sector.
• Still heavy dependency on wood fuel and charcoal - accounting for
68% of total energy consumption (petroleum 22%, electricity 9%,
others account for 1%).
• Electricity access in Kenya is low despite the government’s ambitious
target to increase electricity connectivity to >65% by 2022.
• 10,429 electrified trading centres versus 2,706 non-electrified ones.
• 13,135 electrified schools and polytechnics versus 8,195 non-
electrified.
• 8,195 health centres versus 4,543 non-electrified ones.
Tanzania Energy Use
• Tanzania’s energy supply still dependant on biomass.
• Since ~90% of population are not connected to
electricity grid, majority of households use wood and
charcoal for cooking.
• As a total, biomass makes up close to 90% of the
total primary energy consumption in Tanzania.
• Leads to deforestation of 100,000 hectares per year,
of which a quarter is reforested.
• Below 5% of the rural population use electricity.
Uganda Energy Use
• Energy sector is considered key sector in Uganda’s economy.
• Energy consumption met by several energy resources including
solar, biomass and fossil fuels.
• Biomass most important energy source for 97% of population.
• Provides 90% of total primary energy consumption (firewood,
charcoal and agricultural residues).
• Uganda’s biomass dependence is one of Africa’s highest.
• Electricity contributes only 1% to the national energy balance - oil
products (mainly used for vehicles and thermal power plants)
account for the remaining 9%.
• Due to recent increase in poverty, significant shift back to non-
traded biomass fuels for rural households (from 73% in 1980).
Rwanda Energy Use
• Small, landlocked Rwanda is most densely populated country in Africa.
• Although GDP has been growing rapidly (currently $1,300 per capita) it still ranks
amongst the poorest countries in world.
• Approximately 85% of overall primary energy consumption based on biomass.
• 99% of all households use biomass for cooking – but virtually all charcoal
produced from planted trees, on private as well as community land so limited
deforestation impact.
• Ambitious government programme to achieve electrification of 16% by 2012 and
60% by 2020 - more than 67% of population live within 5 km of existing electricity
networks.
• Community service electricity connections:
o 21% of schools
o 74% of health centres
o 67% of administrative offices
East Africa
Rural Energy
Conclusions and
Recommendations
Rural Energy Conclusions
• Generally still very low electrification rates in rural areas.
• Current very high rates of biomass dependency - need
increased effort on efficient and sustainable biomass
technologies.
• Solar PV technologies have great potential and sector
needs further support including larger systems and for
productive use (e.g. agricultural irrigation).
• Mini-grids have been piloted successfully but models need
to be developed to take them to scale.
• Mechanical power and productive use of energy - still very
underserved and needs greater focus and investment.
Rural Energy Recommendations
• East Africa energy policies need to increase focus on rural
energy supply - including targets for range of energy
markets - solar PV, ICS, mini-grids and mechanical power
services – capacity building programmes.
• Lessons needs to be learned and shared within the region
on a range of technologies and approaches:
• Solar PV lantern and SHS programmes (Kenya).
• ICS technologies and sustainable biomass supply
(Uganda and Rwanda).
• Mini-grids (Tanzania).
• Innovative distribution, marketing and finance models.