jornada Biocombustibles (29nov10)

Impact of Bio-fuels on Human Impact of Bio-fuels on Human Development: A Case Study of Development: A Case Study of

Bagamoyo and Kisarawe Bagamoyo and Kisarawe Districts in TanzaniaDistricts in Tanzania

Presenter: Dr. Japhet J. Kashaigili (PhD)Presenter: Dr. Japhet J. Kashaigili (PhD)

[email protected]@gmail.com

Sokoine University of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, TANZANIATANZANIA

Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

IntroductionIntroductionStudy objectivesStudy objectivesDescription of the case studyDescription of the case studyMethodsMethodsCase study findingsCase study findingsImplications of the study findingsImplications of the study findingsCriteria and indicators to assess bio-fuels Criteria and indicators to assess bio-fuels impact on human developmentimpact on human developmentConclusionsConclusionsRecommendationsRecommendations

IntroductionIntroductionCrude petroleum oil is becoming more and more scarce, Crude petroleum oil is becoming more and more scarce, whereas due to the economic development of all countries whereas due to the economic development of all countries in this world, its demand & consumption is continually in this world, its demand & consumption is continually increasing. increasing.

Consequently, the Earth planet is becoming warmer due to Consequently, the Earth planet is becoming warmer due to the increasing emission of greenhouse gases. the increasing emission of greenhouse gases.

Crude oil is becoming more expensive and thus Crude oil is becoming more expensive and thus jeopardizing energy security of those developing countries.jeopardizing energy security of those developing countries.

The continuously rising price of petroleum, the progressive The continuously rising price of petroleum, the progressive diminishing of fossil fuel reserves including a need for diminishing of fossil fuel reserves including a need for reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases, reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases, search for search for sustainable alternative energy sources such as sustainable alternative energy sources such as bio-fuelsbio-fuels. .

The founding premise is that, bio-fuels, if harnessed well, The founding premise is that, bio-fuels, if harnessed well, present an alternative that can combat GHG emissions, present an alternative that can combat GHG emissions, improve balance of payments, create employment improve balance of payments, create employment opportunities in rural areas, bring energy to less privileged opportunities in rural areas, bring energy to less privileged households and ultimately, mitigate mass poverty. households and ultimately, mitigate mass poverty.

Therefore for Developed countries considered as:Therefore for Developed countries considered as:

Greenhouse (COGreenhouse (CO22) gas emission abatement, ) gas emission abatement,

WhileWhile

For Developing countries :For Developing countries :

Energy securityEnergy security

Improving balance of payment.Improving balance of payment.

Jobs creation.Jobs creation.

Poverty alleviation.Poverty alleviation.

IntroductionIntroduction

Study ObjectivesStudy Objectives

The main objective of the study was to The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of energy crops for bio-assess the impact of energy crops for bio-fuels on poor population and its environment. fuels on poor population and its environment.

Specifically, the study analyzed the impact of Specifically, the study analyzed the impact of bio-fuels within the vulnerable population in bio-fuels within the vulnerable population in Tanzania, and whereby establish criteria and Tanzania, and whereby establish criteria and proposals for improvement.proposals for improvement.

Description of the case studyDescription of the case study

The study was The study was conducted in the conducted in the five selected five selected villages villages

3 villages in 3 villages in Bagamoyo Bagamoyo District; and District; and

2 villages in 2 villages in Kisarawe District)Kisarawe District)

Characteristics of the case studyCharacteristics of the case studyBagamoyo DistrictBagamoyo District

– Bio-fuels companies (SEKAB BioEnergy Tanzania, Bio-fuels companies (SEKAB BioEnergy Tanzania, Trinity Consultants Bio-energy, Tanzania) have Trinity Consultants Bio-energy, Tanzania) have acquired land but not yet started the real production.acquired land but not yet started the real production.

Kisarawe DistrictKisarawe District

– SUN BIOFUELS Tanzania was established in 2005, SUN BIOFUELS Tanzania was established in 2005,

– Acquired 8,000 ha of land at a lease of 99 years.Acquired 8,000 ha of land at a lease of 99 years.

– Commenced clearing of land in June 2009 Commenced clearing of land in June 2009 – Planted the first 600ha of jatropha in November 2009Planted the first 600ha of jatropha in November 2009

Description of the case study (Description of the case study (cont.)cont.)

Bagamoyo and Kisarawe Districts are among Bagamoyo and Kisarawe Districts are among the six districts in the Coastal Region.the six districts in the Coastal Region.

Bagamoyo DistrictBagamoyo District

Located between 37Located between 37oo and 39 and 39oo east and between 6 east and between 6oo and and 77oo south of the equator. south of the equator.

District area coverageDistrict area coverage 9,847 km 9,847 km22

Population Population 228,967 people (URT, 2002) 228,967 people (URT, 2002)

Kisarawe DistrictKisarawe District

Located between 38Located between 38oo and 40 and 40oo east and between 6 east and between 6oo and and 88oo south of the equator south of the equator

District area coverageDistrict area coverage 5335 km 5335 km22

Population Population 95,614 people (URT, 2002) 95,614 people (URT, 2002)

Description of the case study (Description of the case study (cont.)cont.)

Methods used by the StudyMethods used by the Study

Literature review (Literature review (analysis of national and local analysis of national and local information: reports, statistics, studies, legislation, information: reports, statistics, studies, legislation, human development situation, energy crops human development situation, energy crops situationsituation))

Questionnaire administrationQuestionnaire administration

Key informants interviewsKey informants interviews

Focus group discussionFocus group discussion

Data AnalysisData Analysis

Qualitative data Qualitative data Content and structural-functional Content and structural-functional analysis analysis

Quantitative data Quantitative data Statistical Package for Social Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).Sciences (SPSS).

Case study findingsCase study findingsLand ownership, access and compensation Land ownership, access and compensation

Category of Land ownershipCategory of Land ownership– Land owned by individuals (customary arrangement)Land owned by individuals (customary arrangement)– Land owned by the village governmentLand owned by the village government– Land owned by the state Land owned by the state

Land accessLand access– Land under individual (customary), and the land under the Land under individual (customary), and the land under the

control of village government was first transformed into control of village government was first transformed into general land before being given to bio-fuels investors. general land before being given to bio-fuels investors.

– The access mechanism was either voluntary or involuntary The access mechanism was either voluntary or involuntary ((the process was facilitated by some government officials the process was facilitated by some government officials at different levels (village, district and nationalat different levels (village, district and national))

– in some village giving-up of the land to a bio-fuels investor in some village giving-up of the land to a bio-fuels investor was was notnot an individual wish but rather being instigated by an individual wish but rather being instigated by some pressure from different levelssome pressure from different levels

– Forms of pressure include: good promise from the Forms of pressure include: good promise from the investors (i.e. improvement in peoples’ livelihood and investors (i.e. improvement in peoples’ livelihood and assurance of jobs), and assurance of jobs), and

– threats if resisting to surrender the landthreats if resisting to surrender the land

CompensationCompensation– According to the Village Land Act According to the Village Land Act Prior to transferring Prior to transferring

land from Village to General Land and extinguishing land from Village to General Land and extinguishing communities’ customary land rights, the villages and the communities’ customary land rights, the villages and the Commissioner of Lands must agree on a fair level of Commissioner of Lands must agree on a fair level of compensation which the communities must be paid.compensation which the communities must be paid.

Case study findings (Case study findings (cont.)cont.)

The Act provision neglected The Act provision neglected by the districts, by the districts, raising raising concerns onconcerns on the land valuation process to establish the land valuation process to establish the compensation value.the compensation value.

The compensation value - The compensation value - too small too small and and not not reflecting on the value of the land,reflecting on the value of the land, only considered only considered the crops, trees and some few properties on the landthe crops, trees and some few properties on the land

Majority of the people have not been compensated, Majority of the people have not been compensated, and can’t continue using the land for agricultural crop and can’t continue using the land for agricultural crop production once earmarked for biofuels even when production once earmarked for biofuels even when not compensated. not compensated.


Relationship between bio-fuel investors and villagesRelationship between bio-fuel investors and villages

Majority – see bad relationship resulting from land Majority – see bad relationship resulting from land transformation to investorstransformation to investors

Blame the village governments for not being Blame the village governments for not being transparent and siding with the investortransparent and siding with the investor

Poor adherence of the bio-fuels company to the Poor adherence of the bio-fuels company to the agreements and a failure to effect compensation for agreements and a failure to effect compensation for the acquired landthe acquired land

Consider the whole process as land invasion by the Consider the whole process as land invasion by the bio-fuels investor, bio-fuels investor, reflecting on reflecting on low level of low level of community involvementcommunity involvement in arriving at the fate of their in arriving at the fate of their landslands


Livelihood opportunities and income before and after bio-Livelihood opportunities and income before and after bio-fuel interventionsfuel interventions

Not all biofuels companies have started production, Not all biofuels companies have started production, difficult to reveal the real income and the economic difficult to reveal the real income and the economic benefits. benefits. BUTBUT

Decreased household income as land owned by Decreased household income as land owned by individual households was transformed to biofuels individual households was transformed to biofuels

Decreased crop yield as a result of reduced farms sizeDecreased crop yield as a result of reduced farms size

Benefits only limited to individuals employed by the Benefits only limited to individuals employed by the biofuels companies, no spill over effect to communitiesbiofuels companies, no spill over effect to communities

Difficulties in getting another land for crop productionDifficulties in getting another land for crop production

Changed strategies for crop production from long Changed strategies for crop production from long term to short term cropsterm to short term crops


Food insecurity and biofuelsFood insecurity and biofuels

Biofuels investment impact negatively/ positively on Biofuels investment impact negatively/ positively on the household food securitythe household food security

The affected groups include children, women, The affected groups include children, women, disabled and eldersdisabled and elders

The dependant group (elders, disabled and The dependant group (elders, disabled and children) are comparatively more affected than children) are comparatively more affected than others.others.

Women are required to walk long distances to look Women are required to walk long distances to look for water and firewood, which implies more time for water and firewood, which implies more time being used for non-productive works. being used for non-productive works.


Discernable impacts on social relations Discernable impacts on social relations

Employed women becoming irresponsible to their Employed women becoming irresponsible to their husbands and familyhusbands and family

Men utilizing part of the compensation funds to Men utilizing part of the compensation funds to marry more women.marry more women.

Increased foe between village government and the Increased foe between village government and the communitycommunity

Break of marriage, men marrying more wives and Break of marriage, men marrying more wives and many women divorced as a result of change in many women divorced as a result of change in incomeincome


Socio-economic impacts due to expansion of the bio-fuels industry Socio-economic impacts due to expansion of the bio-fuels industry


Implications of bio-fuel activities on natural vegetation Implications of bio-fuel activities on natural vegetation and biodiversityand biodiversity

Bio-fuel crop production destroys and replaces the Bio-fuel crop production destroys and replaces the natural vegetation (i.e. miombo and coastal forests) natural vegetation (i.e. miombo and coastal forests) due to clearing to allow for monoculture cultivationdue to clearing to allow for monoculture cultivation

Coastal Forests are recognized as a globally Coastal Forests are recognized as a globally important conservation priority hotspot that contains important conservation priority hotspot that contains endangered species and endemic plants. endangered species and endemic plants.

Clearing of such areas pose threat on the Clearing of such areas pose threat on the sustainability of such speciessustainability of such species


Case study findings (Case study findings (cont.)cont.)Table: Vegetation in areas earmarked for or under bio-fuels crop cultivation

Community views on dissatisfaction with bio-fuels Community views on dissatisfaction with bio-fuels investmentinvestment


Socio-economic and environmental contextSocio-economic and environmental context

Almost the all land requested for bio-fuels Almost the all land requested for bio-fuels investment have been used by the surrounding investment have been used by the surrounding communities for different purposes. communities for different purposes.

The community used the area as a source of The community used the area as a source of firewood, food and feed for their cattle, and firewood, food and feed for their cattle, and medicine including hunting and honey collection, as medicine including hunting and honey collection, as well as farming and grazing of cattle. well as farming and grazing of cattle.

The forests and other open land used to provide a The forests and other open land used to provide a free grazing area and a source of firewood for the free grazing area and a source of firewood for the local communitylocal community

With biofuels, these services are curtailed !!With biofuels, these services are curtailed !!

Implications of the study FindingsImplications of the study Findings

Majority of the investors indicated new job Majority of the investors indicated new job opportunities to the local community. opportunities to the local community.

In the short term, this may sound feasible as In the short term, this may sound feasible as many people will be involved in the many people will be involved in the preparation of land including clearing of the preparation of land including clearing of the forest. forest.

However, once the forest is cleared and the However, once the forest is cleared and the plantation is in place, there will be relatively plantation is in place, there will be relatively few jobs, and the community will have lost few jobs, and the community will have lost their forest resource forever.their forest resource forever.

Implications of the study Findings (Implications of the study Findings (contcont.).)

Legal and Institutional Framework affecting bio-fuels Legal and Institutional Framework affecting bio-fuels in Tanzaniain Tanzania

No policies or legislation yet exist that directly No policies or legislation yet exist that directly address bio-fuels production in Tanzaniaaddress bio-fuels production in Tanzania

However, there some policies and laws that However, there some policies and laws that are relevant to the many issues implicated by are relevant to the many issues implicated by the growing bio-fuels industry (e.g. Energy the growing bio-fuels industry (e.g. Energy policy, National Land Policy, Environmental policy, National Land Policy, Environmental policy, Agricultural and Livestock Policy, Land policy, Agricultural and Livestock Policy, Land Act, Village Land Act, ......) Act, Village Land Act, ......)

Implications of the study FindingsImplications of the study Findings

Analysis of the potential impact of bio-Analysis of the potential impact of bio-fuels crops in Tanzaniafuels crops in Tanzania

Impact of bio-fuel production on environmentImpact of bio-fuel production on environment

Bio-fuel crop farming involves replacement of the land cover Bio-fuel crop farming involves replacement of the land cover through clear felling and burning. through clear felling and burning.

The altering of existing natural ecosystems in quasi-The altering of existing natural ecosystems in quasi-equilibrium with the environment and replacing them with large equilibrium with the environment and replacing them with large expanses of low diversity monoculture crops and intensive expanses of low diversity monoculture crops and intensive management practices will have long-term negatively impacts management practices will have long-term negatively impacts on on – local hydrology, local hydrology, – accelerate soil degradation and accelerate soil degradation and – could in severe cases lead to desertificationcould in severe cases lead to desertification

Impact on water availabilityImpact on water availability

A lot of water must be abstracted from rivers or A lot of water must be abstracted from rivers or underground sources to meet the high demand to grow underground sources to meet the high demand to grow bio-fuel crops and process liquid bio-fuels (e.g. 2000 - bio-fuel crops and process liquid bio-fuels (e.g. 2000 - 3000 mmha3000 mmha-1-1yearyear-1-1 for sugarcane) for sugarcane)

The high demand of water by bio-fuel plantations may The high demand of water by bio-fuel plantations may reduce water availed to other users especially the reduce water availed to other users especially the environment and the downstream.environment and the downstream.

Excessive use of water for bio-fuel crop production Excessive use of water for bio-fuel crop production especially during the dry season may have implications especially during the dry season may have implications in assuring the environmental flows for supporting in assuring the environmental flows for supporting aquatic ecosystem.aquatic ecosystem.

Analysis of the potential impact of bio-Analysis of the potential impact of bio-fuels crops in Tanzania (fuels crops in Tanzania (contcont.).)

Impact on biodiversityImpact on biodiversity

The land requested or allocated to bio-fuel investors include The land requested or allocated to bio-fuel investors include areas areas with high levels of biodiversity and with high levels of biodiversity and natural habitats such as; natural habitats such as; miombo woodlands, coastal forests, wetlands and riverine forests.miombo woodlands, coastal forests, wetlands and riverine forests.

Tanzania’s miombo vegetation, belongs to the Global 200 WWF Tanzania’s miombo vegetation, belongs to the Global 200 WWF list of important biodiversity eco-regions. Also, the coastal forests list of important biodiversity eco-regions. Also, the coastal forests are recognized as a globally important conservation priority are recognized as a globally important conservation priority hotspot rich in endemic taxa.hotspot rich in endemic taxa.

Some biofuels fields are breeding and migration routes for wildlife. Some biofuels fields are breeding and migration routes for wildlife.

Habitat fragmentation by bio-fuel feed-stock cultivation will Habitat fragmentation by bio-fuel feed-stock cultivation will prevent or minimize genetic exchange between various prevent or minimize genetic exchange between various organisms, and will affect pollinators’ movementsorganisms, and will affect pollinators’ movements


Impact on food securityImpact on food security

About 80% of the population in Tanzania live in About 80% of the population in Tanzania live in the rural areas and depend on agriculture the rural areas and depend on agriculture

The conversion of The conversion of suitable land for food crops to suitable land for food crops to produce bio-fuel crops may compromise food produce bio-fuel crops may compromise food security. security.

Most of the bio-fuel investors are planning to grow/ Most of the bio-fuel investors are planning to grow/ growing bio-fuel crops in monoculture form, which growing bio-fuel crops in monoculture form, which inhibit plant biodiversity and provoke pest inhibit plant biodiversity and provoke pest epidemicsepidemics


Effect on rights and land ownershipEffect on rights and land ownership

Securing rights to land is a central issue in rural parts of Securing rights to land is a central issue in rural parts of Tanzania, with respect to livelihoods, food security, Tanzania, with respect to livelihoods, food security, economic growth, and human rights.economic growth, and human rights.

Land tenure insecurity in rural parts of Tanzania remains Land tenure insecurity in rural parts of Tanzania remains a widespread social problem and source of political a widespread social problem and source of political tension.tension.

Villagers are not given adequate compensation for their Villagers are not given adequate compensation for their lands, and there is no clear compensation procedure.lands, and there is no clear compensation procedure.

There is hardly any consultation between the TIC and There is hardly any consultation between the TIC and village governments prior to issuing land to village governments prior to issuing land to foreigners/investorsforeigners/investors


Impact on greenhouse gasesImpact on greenhouse gases

Large-scale clearing of land and especially use of Large-scale clearing of land and especially use of fire to facilitate site preparation will increase fire to facilitate site preparation will increase greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and air greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and air pollution. pollution.

Burning causes air pollution (elevated levels of Burning causes air pollution (elevated levels of COCO22, CO, NOx, and O, CO, NOx, and O33) around sugarcane fields. ) around sugarcane fields.

Both pre-harvest and post-harvest burning in Both pre-harvest and post-harvest burning in sugarcane plantations contribute to GHG sugarcane plantations contribute to GHG emissions and air pollution, with serious emissions and air pollution, with serious consequences on the health of local inhabitants.consequences on the health of local inhabitants.


Criteria and indicators to assess bio-fuels Criteria and indicators to assess bio-fuels impact on human developmentimpact on human development

CCover aspects of:over aspects of:– land acquisition, land acquisition, – land use plan, land use plan, – human rights, human rights, – ecological and biodiversity aspects, ecological and biodiversity aspects, – food security, food security, – socio-economic development, socio-economic development, – soil and water conservation, soil and water conservation, – health and safety of workers and government health and safety of workers and government

supervision of bio-fuels investments and the resultant supervision of bio-fuels investments and the resultant activitiesactivities

ConclusionsConclusionsThe findings are still preliminary and subject to a wide range of The findings are still preliminary and subject to a wide range of rapidly changing variables and trends. Despite the limited evidence rapidly changing variables and trends. Despite the limited evidence base from which to draw concrete conclusions, it is worth noting a base from which to draw concrete conclusions, it is worth noting a number of key issues that have emerged from experiences hitherto.number of key issues that have emerged from experiences hitherto.

– The altering of existing natural ecosystems and replacing them The altering of existing natural ecosystems and replacing them with low diversity monoculture crops and intensive management with low diversity monoculture crops and intensive management practices will have long-term negative impacts on local practices will have long-term negative impacts on local hydrology; accelerate soil degradation that could lead to hydrology; accelerate soil degradation that could lead to desertification.desertification.

– insecurity to land rights, is posing threats to livelihood strategies, insecurity to land rights, is posing threats to livelihood strategies, food security at household level, economic growth, and human food security at household level, economic growth, and human rights. rights.

– bio-fuel crop farming bio-fuel crop farming include include areas with high levels of areas with high levels of biodiversity and biodiversity and natural habitats such as; miombo woodlands, natural habitats such as; miombo woodlands, coastal forests, wetlands and riverine forests. Much of these coastal forests, wetlands and riverine forests. Much of these areas were being used for breeding and serving as migration areas were being used for breeding and serving as migration routes for wildliferoutes for wildlife

The The intensification of agricultural production, intensification of agricultural production, interfering with the hydrological cycle of the areas interfering with the hydrological cycle of the areas and the increased use of agro-chemicals and water and the increased use of agro-chemicals and water resources will lead to severe biodiversity loss.resources will lead to severe biodiversity loss.

The high demand of water by bio-fuel plantations The high demand of water by bio-fuel plantations may reduce water availed to other users especially may reduce water availed to other users especially the environment and the downstreamthe environment and the downstream

There is increased rivalry between village There is increased rivalry between village government and the community, increased conflict government and the community, increased conflict among household members, and change in social among household members, and change in social relationships.relationships.

ConclusionsConclusions

RecommendationsRecommendationsThere is a need to:There is a need to:

Enforce the laws governing the environment, in particular the Enforce the laws governing the environment, in particular the Environmental Management Act of 2004 for the sustainability Environmental Management Act of 2004 for the sustainability of the environment and its resources such as rivers and of the environment and its resources such as rivers and wetlands including water source catchments. wetlands including water source catchments.

Ensure proper monitoring and control of agrochemical Ensure proper monitoring and control of agrochemical applications to minimize their effects on the environment.applications to minimize their effects on the environment.

Ensure a rational balance of water supply and demand for the Ensure a rational balance of water supply and demand for the sustainability of the environment. Such a balance should be sustainability of the environment. Such a balance should be holistic, inclusive and comprehensive that includes demand holistic, inclusive and comprehensive that includes demand projections of all sectors and ensures equitable allocation of projections of all sectors and ensures equitable allocation of available water in a rational manner.available water in a rational manner.

Establish ecological reserve and enforce WRMA Establish ecological reserve and enforce WRMA

Establish proper land use plans and maps before the land is Establish proper land use plans and maps before the land is granted to an investorgranted to an investor

Enforce laws and policies governing biodiversity conservation Enforce laws and policies governing biodiversity conservation and management.and management.

Ensure availability of alternative productive land within the Ensure availability of alternative productive land within the village before relocations. village before relocations.

Introduce intercropping of bio-fuel crops with other crops and Introduce intercropping of bio-fuel crops with other crops and rotation cropping so as to maintain soil fertility and minimize pest rotation cropping so as to maintain soil fertility and minimize pest epidemics.epidemics.

Create awareness at all levels and empower communities on Create awareness at all levels and empower communities on land and investment laws related to bio-fuel production and the land and investment laws related to bio-fuel production and the environment as a whole for ensured sustainability. environment as a whole for ensured sustainability.

Establish and observe proper land use, land use plans and Establish and observe proper land use, land use plans and safeguard the countries resources and people to avoid safeguard the countries resources and people to avoid superfluous conflicts and concerns from the communities.superfluous conflicts and concerns from the communities.

RecommendationsRecommendations

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jornada Biocombustibles (29nov10)