Water Security

International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas24th to 26th of June, Cairo, Egypt

Eng. Mohammed Hiary

Hashemite Kingdome of JORDAN

Jordan Overview

• Total area 89.213 km2.• $31 Billion GDP.• 6.2 Million Population,

80 percent urban. • World Trade

Organization member since 2000.

• upper middle-income, per-capita GNI of US$4,340.

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WB 2012

Jordan Overview

• Jordan has limited natural resources, potash and phosphate are the main export commodities.

• limited agricultural land, and water is especially scarce.

• Ranks as the world’s fourth poorest country in terms of water resources.

• Services account for more than 70 percent of (GDP) and more than 75 percent of jobs.

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WB 2012

Jordan’s Agricultural sector• 285 ha cultivated area.

• 90 ha forest area.

• 2.7 % contribution in GDP.

• 18.2% contribution in total exports.

• 850.000 tons total exports quantity

• $1.217 Billion total exports value.

• Net Exporter of Fruits and vegetables (Tomato, Eggplant, Pepper, Peach, Watermelon…)

• Net Importer of grains (Wheat, corn, Barley…)

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Jordan’s Agricultural sector• Most Vegetable production cultivated

under drip irrigation systems, both open field, and green houses.

• Olive Oil mainly produced in Rain fed orchards.

• Stone fruits and grape production depends on groundwater exploitation.

• Irrigation Water resources are Rainfall, springs, Artesian wells, treated waste water, and dams.

• Farming units • 3-4 ha in Jordan Valley• 20-50 ha in high lands• 1 or less ha rain fed orchards

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Agricultural sector’s Strategic goals

1. Increase food production.

2. Sustain natural resources

and conserve environment.

1. Enhance investment in agriculture.

2. Achieve Rural development.

3. Raise water use efficiency at farm scale.

4. Improve Agricultural production add value and increase its share in GDP.

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Crops data Area

(Thousand ha)

Imports (Thousand

Tons)

Exports (Thousand

Tons)

production (Thousand

tons)

Item

722350055Grains

44.4 91.9754.51918Vegetables

16887.2596873Fruit trees

284.42528850.52788Total

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DOS 2012

Self Sufficiency Ratio (SSR)Total production (Ton)

%Sufficiency

Item

198011.8Wheat

292856.1Barley

548913.8Beef

1078941lamb

19048686Chicken

777820226Tomato

51733105Table Egg

21648382Potato

19447103Olive oil

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DOS 2011

Strategic goals… Irrigation water 1. Reducing the annual water allocation for irrigation in

Jordan Valley to 261 MCM in 2022 (293 MCM in 2007) and in the Highlands to 191 MCM in 2022 (304 MCM in 2007)

2. Establishing efficient bulk water distribution as well as efficient on-farm irrigation systems.

3. Using treated wastewater for activities that demonstrate the highest financial and social return including irrigation and other non-potable uses.

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Strategic goals… Irrigation water 4. Establish one service provider for irrigation water for the

whole country, whereas the retail function for irrigation water will be privatized and/or handled by empowered farmers’ associations.

5. Set a Tariff of water and introduce incentives to promote water efficiency in irrigation and higher economic returns for irrigated agricultural products.

6. Promote alternative technologies such as rainwater harvesting for enhancing irrigation water supply.

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Jordan Bioclimatic

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Rainfall distribution

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Area km2Rainfall Volume MCM

6338493.414Desert

19.9142.947Arid

2.9471.160Semi Arid

1.965513Marginal

0.7390Humid

89.3008424Total

MOA 2012

Water Resources 2007

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Non-Renewable Groundwater (Jafr+Lajjoun)

252.9%

Desalinated Water (Abu Zeighan

+Aqaba)10

1.2%

Peace Treaty50

5.8%

Artificial Recharge55

6.3%

Safe Yield Groundwater

27531.7%

Developed Surface295

34.0%

Non-Renewable Groundwater (Disi+Hisban)

667.6%

Treated Wastewater (Irrigation)

8710.0%

Treated Wastewater

(Industry)4

0.5%

Projected Water resources 2022

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Non-Renewable Groundwater (Jafr+Lajjoun)

151%

Desalinated Water (Abu Zeighan

+Aqaba)201%

Desalinated 50031%

Peace Treaty503%

Artificial Recharge252%

Safe Yield Groundwater

27517%

Developed Surface36522%

Non-Renewable Groundwater (Disi+Hisban)

1358%

Treated Wastewater (Irrigation)

22013%

Treated Wastewater

(Industry)272%

Water policies and food security Constraints

• Water demand is over supply.

• Water supply exceeds resources.

• Population growth and immigrations amplify water and food demand .

• Drought seasons and rain fall uncertainty stress water resources.

• Local Food demand.

(regional off season producer)

• Employment in the sector.

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Waste water treatment Water user Association

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Supply management Source allocation

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Water harvest Switch crop

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Desalination Out flow control

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Water policy Action Justification Results Constrains

Reduce annual water allocation for irrigation purposes

Southagricultural companies stoppage (10 thousand ha)

Convey 100 MCM of drinking water to Amman

Reduce total country production(23% potato, 17% onion, 9.5% water melon)

•Local Unemployment.

Reduce annual water allocation for irrigation purposes

Controlwater out flow through Jordan Valley Canal

Manage the seasonal demand

Changecropping pattern

•Unplanned changed

Improve water distribution

Establish Water userassociations (WUA)

Improve water use efficiency

16 WUA •Weak team work spirit.•Finance dependent Associations

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Water policy

Action Justification Results Constrains

Use of Alternative technologies

Implement water harvest techniques

Run off and Evaporation of rainfall (95%)

Construct 45 sites (3.3 MCM)

•Need for Fund

Reinforce regulation (85/2002)

Escalated Tariff on wells exploitation

Suppress over-exploitation

Only Generate income

•Farmers Mentality

Reinforce regulation (85/2002)

Monitoring wells

Suppress over-exploitation

reduction inillegal wells no.

•Conflict of interest

Waste water treatment

27 wastewater treatment plants

Shortage of supply

104 MCM used in agriculture

•Sewage systemsuncover 33% of population•Implementation costs

Results & impacts on Food

• Consumption changes due farmers Switch production (stone fruits)

• Less supply of food • Prices Increase.

• Export quantities decrease.

• Food Shortage in import countries (winter time)

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Recommendations to policy-makers

1. Desalination, waste water treatment, and water harvesting are safe substitute resources for Jordan.

2. Changing mentality of users will improve water use efficiency.

3. Crop planning is a vital key to sustain water and enhance agricultural production.

4. Water pricing for all uses must be cost dependent.

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Thanks for listening Questions, comments and suggestions are welcome