Java on Windows Azure (Cloud Computing Expo 2010)

Building Highly Scalable Java Applications on Windows AzureDavid [email protected]/dachou

Agenda

• Overview of Windows Azure

• Java How-to

• Architecting for Scale

> Introduction

What is Windows Azure?

• A cloud computing platform (as-a-service)

– on-demand application platform capabilities

– geo-distributed Microsoft data centers

– automated, model-driven services provisioning and management

• You manage code, data, content, policies, service models, etc.– not servers (unless you want to)

• We manage the platform– application containers and services, distributed storage systems

– service lifecycle, data replication and synchronization

– server operating system, patching, monitoring, management

– physical infrastructure, virtualization networking

– security

– “fabric controller” (automated, distributed service management system)

> Azure Overview

Anatomy of a Windows Azure instance

Guest VMGuest VMGuest VMHost VMMaintenance OS,Hardware-optimized hypervisor

> Azure Overview > Anatomy of a Windows Azure instance

The Fabric Controller communicates with every server within the Fabric. It manages Windows Azure, monitors every application, decides where new applications should run – optimizing hardware utilization.

Storage – distributed storage systems that are highly consistent, reliable, and scalable.

Compute – instance types: Web Role & Worker Role. Windows Azure applications are built with web role instances, worker role instances, or a combination of both.

Each instance runs on its own VM (virtual machine) and local transient storage; replicated as needed

HTTP/HTTPS

Application Platform Services

> Azure Overview > Application Platform Services

StorageDynamic Tabular Data

BlobsMessage Queues

Distributed File System

Content Distribution

DataTransact-

SQL

Data Synchronizati

on

Relational Database

ADO.NET, ODBC, PHP

Integration Registry RegistryService Bus

SecurityClaims-Based

Identity

Federated Identities

Secure Token

Service

Declarative Policies

MarketplaceApplicationMarketplac

e

Information Marketplac

e

FrameworksWorkflow Hosting

Distributed Cache

Services Hosting

Compute C / C++Win32 VHD

On-Premises Bridging

Networking

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomcat.png

Application Platform Services

> Azure Overview > Application Platform Services

Compute

Storage

DataRelational Database

Integration

Security

Marketplace

Frameworks

Table Storage

Blob Storage

Queue DriveContent Delivery Network

VM Role

Networking Connect

ApplicationsDataMarket

Access Control

Service Bus

Composite App

Caching

Web Role Worker Role

ReportingDataSync

IntegrationConnect(BizTalk)

How this may be interesting to you

• Not managing and interacting with server OS– less work for you

– don’t have to care it is “Windows Server” (you can if you want to)

– but have to live with some limits and constraints

• Some level of control– process isolation (runs inside your own VM/guest OS)

– service and data geo-location

– allocated capacity, scale on-demand

– full spectrum of application architectures and programming models

• You can run Java!– plus PHP, Python, Ruby, MySQL, memcached, etc.

– and eventually anything that runs on Windows

> Azure Overview

Java and Windows Azure

• Provide your JVM– any version or flavor that runs on Windows

• Provide your code– no programming constraints (e.g., whitelisting libraries, execution time limit,

multi-threading, etc.)

– use existing frameworks

– use your preferred tools (Eclipse, emacs, etc.)

• File-based deployment– no OS-level installation (conceptually extracting a tar/zip with run.bat)

• Windows Azure “Worker Role” sandbox– standard user (non-admin privileges; “full trust” environment)

– native code execution (via launching sub-processes)

– service end points (behind VIPs and load balancers)

> Java How-To

Some boot-strapping in C#

• Kick-off process in WorkerRole.run()– get environment info (assigned end point ports, file locations)

– set up local storage (if needed; for configuration, temp files, etc.)

– configure diagnostics (Windows Server logging subsystem for monitoring)

– launch sub-process(es) to run executable (launch the JVM)

• Additional hooks (optional)

– Manage role lifecycle

– Handle dynamic configuration changes

• Free tools– Visual Studio Express

– Windows Azure Tools for Visual Studio

– Windows Azure Tools for Eclipse/Java (CTP 2010H2)

– Windows Azure SDK

> Java How-To > Boot-strapping

Running Tomcat in Windows Azure

Service Instance

Service Instance

Worker Role

RoleEntry Point

Sub-Process

JVM

Tomcat

server.xmlCatalina

Fabric Controller

Load Balancer

TableStorage

BlobStorage

Queue

ServiceBus

Access Control

SQL Database

new Process()

bind port(x)

htt

p:/

/in

stan

ce:x

htt

p:/

/in

stan

ce:y

listen port(x)

http://app:80

getruntimeinfo

index.jsp

> Java How-To > Tomcat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomcat.png

• Boot-strapping code in WorkerRole.run()

• Service end point(s) in ServiceDefinition.csdef

Running Jetty in Windows Azure

> Java How-To > Jetty

string response = ""; try { System.IO.StreamReader sr; string port = RoleEnvironment.CurrentRoleInstance.InstanceEndpoints["HttpIn"].IPEndpoint.Port.ToString(); string roleRoot = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("RoleRoot"); string jettyHome = roleRoot + @"\approot\app\jetty7"; string jreHome = roleRoot + @"\approot\app\jre6"; Process proc = new Process(); proc.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false; proc.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true; proc.StartInfo.FileName = String.Format("\"{0}\\bin\\java.exe\"", jreHome); proc.StartInfo.Arguments = String.Format("-Djetty.port={0} -Djetty.home=\"{1}\" -jar \"{1}\\start.jar\"", port, jettyHome); proc.EnableRaisingEvents = false; proc.Start(); sr = proc.StandardOutput; response = sr.ReadToEnd(); } catch (Exception ex) { response = ex.Message; Trace.TraceError(response); }

<Endpoints> <InputEndpoint name="HttpIn" port="80" protocol="tcp" /> </Endpoints>

Current constraints

Platform– Dynamic networking

• <your app>.cloudapp.net• no naked domain• CNAME re-direct from custom

domain• sending traffic to loopback

addresses not allowed and cannot open arbitrary ports

– No OS-level access

– Non-persistent local file system• allocate local storage directory• read-only: Windows directory,

machine configuration files, service configuration files

– Available registry resources• read-only: HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT,

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, HKEY_USERS, HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG

• full access: HKEY_CURRENT_USER

> Java How-To > Limitations

Java– Sandboxed networking

• NIO (java.nio) not supported• engine and host-level clustering• JNDI, JMS, JMX, RMI, etc.• need to configure networking

– Non-persistent local file system• logging, configuration, etc.

– REST-based APIs to services• Table Storage – schema-less

(noSQL)• Blob Storage – large files

(<200GB block blobs; <1TB page blobs)

• Queues• Service Bus• Access Control

Improvements on the way

Platform– Networking modeling

• well known ports (or fixed VM ports)• port ranges (for inbound traffic)• load balancer control (on/off)• network filters (inter-role access

control)

– Improved automation• startup tasks (execute OS-level

scripts)• role plugins (remote desktop,

virtual network, diagnostics, etc.)

– Full IIS• multiple websites in same role• virtual directories• applications, modules

– Admin access• full administrative access to role

instances• reboot/re-image support

> Java How-To > Platform Enhancements (Announced; Not Yet Released)

Java– Traditional deployment models

• deploy your own Java EE stack• configure internal networking

– More frameworks, packages, and extended languages• verify deployment and

configuration

– Solution accelerators • with bootstrapping and

configuration

– Java API support• Windows Azure SDK v2.0

(announced at PDC10)• www.windowsazure4j.org

– Development tools• Windows Azure Tools for

Eclipse/Java (CTP 2010H2)

• Execute startup script in ServiceDefinition.csdef

• Service end point(s) in ServiceDefinition.csdef

Running Jetty with admin access + fixed ports


<Startup> <Task commandLine=“runme.cmd" executionContext=“elevated" TaskType=“background"> </Task> </Startup>

<Endpoints> <InputEndpoint name="HttpIn" protocol=“http" port="80" localPort="80" />

</Endpoints>

Running Fujitsu Interstage App Server

JavaEE 6– Based on Glassfish 3.1

– Complete JavaEE execution environment

– Service Integrator SOA Platform


Windows Azure 1.3 SDK– Loopback adapter is no longer

blocked

– Enabled Java NIO

– Enabled Port Ranges: for “inbound traffic” (as opposed to 5 in the past)

Service end point(s) in ServiceDefinition.csdef

• Worker Role– fabric sandbox native deployment

– automated, need additional code

– available now

• Admin Access– script-based installation and

execution

– automated, need scripts

– available shortly (not yet released)

• VM Role– host your own pre-configured VM

image

– automated, full control

– available later (not yet released)

Deployment Options


• Runtime– Multiple Java app servers

– Any Windows-based JRE

• Supports– Windows Azure Storage

– Windows Azure Drive

– Windows Azure AppFabric

– SQL Azure

• One-click cloud deployment

• Integrated diagnostics,

monitoring, and logging

Windows Azure Tools for Eclipse/Java


Accessing SQL Azure from Java

> Java How-To > SQL Azure

• SQL Azure Database – Full relational Database as a Service

• Supports TDS & OData

• Direct connectivity to SQL Azure– Connect with JDBC/ODBC using the latest driver

– Eclipse tooling support

• Interoperability using REST– Easily wrap SQL Azure with WCF Data Services

– Restlet extension for OData (Java)

• Committed to OSS support and app compatibility

Accessing Windows Azure Storage from Java

> Java How-To > Windows Azure Storage

• Windows Azure SDK for Java– Enables Java developers to develop

against Windows Azure Storage & Service Management infrastructure using familiar & consistent programming model

• Features– Set of Java classes for Windows Azure

Blobs, Tables & Queues (for CRUD operations) & Service Management

– Helper Classes for HTTP transport, AuhN/AuthZ, REST & Error Management

– Manageability, Instrumentation & Logging(log4j)

• Open Source Project site: – Developed by our Partner Soyatec

– www.windowsazure4j.org

Windows Azure SDK for Java

Blobs, Tables, Queues

Manageability, Instrumentation,

logging

Helper for Http, Auth, REST, Error

Your Java application

Compute Storage Manage

REST

Accessing Windows Azure AppFabric from Java

> Java How-To > Windows Azure AppFabric

• Usage Patterns– Extends reach of applications securely through the cloud

– Securely integrates partners outside of org boundaries

– Extends reach of on-premises web services layer

– Enables leveraging cloud quickly without having to rewrite apps

• App Fabric SDK for Java Developers– Open source software development kit (SDK)

– a set of libraries, tools, Prescriptive guidance

– sample applications

• Open Source Project site: – Developed by our partner Persistent Systems Limited

– www.jdotnetservices.com

Additional Cloud Interop OptionsCloud On-premises

Data SynchronizationSQL Azure Data Sync

Application-layer Connectivity &

Messaging AppFabric Service Bus

Security & Federated IdentityAppFabric Access Control

Secure Network Connectivity

Virtual Network Connect

> Cloud Scenarios

Facebook (2009)

• +200B pageviews /month

• >3.9T feed actions /day

• +300M active users

• >1B chat mesgs /day

• 100M search queries /day

• >6B minutes spent /day (ranked #2 on Internet)

• +20B photos, +2B/month growth

• 600,000 photos served /sec

• 25TB log data /day processed thru Scribe

• 120M queries /sec on memcache

> Architecting for Scale

Size matters

Twitter (2009)

• 600 requests /sec

• avg 200-300 connections /sec; peak at 800

• MySQL handles 2,400 requests /sec

• 30+ processes for handling odd jobs

• process a request in 200 milliseconds in Rails

• average time spent in the database is 50-100 milliseconds

• +16 GB of memcached

Google (2007)

• +20 petabytes of data processed /day by +100K MapReduce jobs

• 1 petabyte sort took ~6 hours on ~4K servers replicated onto ~48K disks

• +200 GFS clusters, each at 1-5K nodes, handling +5 petabytes of storage

• ~40 GB /sec aggregate read/write throughput across the cluster

• +500 servers for each search query < 500ms

• >1B views / day on Youtube (2009)

Myspace (2007)

• 115B pageviews /month

• 5M concurrent users @ peak

• +3B images, mp3, videos

• +10M new images/day

• 160 Gbit/sec peak bandwidth

Flickr (2007)

• +4B queries /day

• +2B photos served

• ~35M photos in squid cache

• ~2M photos in squid’s RAM

• 38k req/sec to memcached (12M objects)

• 2 PB raw storage

• +400K photos added /daySource: multiple articles, High Scalabilityhttp://highscalability.com/

app server

• Common characteristics– synchronous processes

– sequential units of work

– tight coupling

– stateful

– pessimistic concurrency

– clustering for HA

– vertical scaling

Traditional scale-up architecture

> Architecting for Scale > Vertical Scaling

app serverweb data store

units of work

web data store

app server

app server



web

data storeweb

• To scale, get bigger servers– expensive

– has scaling limits

– inefficient use of resources

data storeapp server



app serverweb

web

• When problems occur– bigger failure impact



app serverweb

data storeweb

• When problems occur– bigger failure impact

– more complex recovery

Use more pieces, not bigger pieces

LEGO 10179 Ultimate Collector's Millennium Falcon• 33 x 22 x 8.3 inches (L/W/H)• 5,195 pieces

LEGO 7778 Midi-scale Millennium Falcon• 9.3 x 6.7 x 3.2 inches (L/W/H) • 356 pieces

> Architecting for Scale > Horizontal scaling

app server

Scale-out architecture



• Common characteristics– small logical units of work

– loosely-coupled processes

– stateless

– event-driven design

– optimistic concurrency

– partitioned data

– redundancy fault-tolerance

– re-try-based recoverabilityweb data store

app server

app server

app server

app server

app server




web

web

web data store

web

web

• To scale, add more servers– not bigger servers

data store

data store

data store

data store

app server

app server

app server

app server

app server

app server



web data store

web

web

web data store

web

web

• When problems occur– smaller failure impact

– higher perceived availability

data store

data store

data store

data store

app server

app server

app server




web

web app server

web data store

web

web

• When problems occur– smaller failure impact

– higher perceived availability

– simpler recovery

data store

data store

data store

data store

app server

app server

• Scalable performance at extreme scale– asynchronous processes

– parallelization

– smaller footprint

– optimized resource usage

– reduced response time

– improved throughput

app server

app server

Scale-out architecture + distributed computing



web

web app server

web data store

web

web

data store

data store

data store

data store

parallel tasks

async tasks

perceived response time

app server

app server

• When problems occur– smaller units of work

– decoupling shields impact

app server

app server




web

web app server

web data store

web

web

data store

data store

data store

data store

app server

• When problems occur– smaller units of work

– decoupling shields impact

– even simpler recovery

app server

app server




web

web app server

web data store

web

web

data store

data store

data store

data store

Live Journal (from Brad Fitzpatrick, then Founder at Live Journal, 2007)

> Architecting for Scale > Cloud Architecture Patterns

Partitioned Data

DistributedCache

Web Frontend

Distributed Storage

Apps & Services

Flickr (from Cal Henderson, then Director of Engineering at Yahoo, 2007)


Partitioned Data DistributedCache

Web Frontend

Distributed Storage

Apps & Services

SlideShare (from John Boutelle, CTO at Slideshare, 2008)


Partitioned Data

Distributed Cache

WebFrontend

Distributed Storage

Apps &Services

Twitter (from John Adams, Ops Engineer at Twitter, 2010)


PartitionedData

DistributedCache

WebFrontend

DistributedStorage

Apps &Services

Queues

AsyncProcesses

2010 stats (Source: http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics)

– People• +500M active users• 50% of active users log on in any given

day• people spend +700B minutes /month

– Activity on Facebook• +900M objects that people interact with• +30B pieces of content shared /month

– Global Reach• +70 translations available on the site• ~70% of users outside the US• +300K users helped translate the site

through the translations application

– Platform• +1M developers from +180 countries• +70% of users engage with

applications /month• +550K active applications• +1M websites have integrated with

Facebook Platform • +150M people engage with Facebook on

external websites /month


Facebook(from Jeff Rothschild, VP Technology at Facebook, 2009)

PartitionedData

DistributedCache

WebFrontend

DistributedStorage

Apps &Services

ParallelProcesses

AsyncProcesses

Windows Azure platform components

Apps & Services

Services

Web Frontend

QueuesDistributed Storage

DistributedCache

Partitioned Data


Content Delivery Network

Load Balancer

IISWeb Server

VM Role

Worker Role

Web Role

Caching

Queues Access Control

Composite App

Blobs

Relational Database

Tables

Drives Service Bus

Reporting

DataSync

Virtual NetworkConnect

Fundamental concepts


• Vertical scaling still works

Fundamental concepts


• Horizontal scaling for cloud computing

• Small pieces, loosely coupled

• Distributed computing best practices– asynchronous processes (event-driven design)

– parallelization

– idempotent operations (handle duplicity)

– de-normalized, partitioned data (sharding)

– shared nothing architecture

– optimistic concurrency

– fault-tolerance by redundancy and replication

– etc.

Partitioned data

> Architecting for Scale > Fundamental Concepts

Shared nothing architecture– transaction locality (partition based

on an entity that is the “atomic” target of majority of transactional processing)

– loosened referential integrity (avoid distributed transactions across shard and entity boundaries)

– design for dynamic redistribution and growth of data (elasticity)

Cloud computing friendly– divide & conquer

– size growth with virtually no limits

– smaller failure surface

Windows Azure platform services– Table Storage Service

– SQL Azure

– AppFabric Caching (coming soon)

– SQL Azure DB federation (coming soon)

Web Role

QueuesWeb Role

Web Role

Worker Role

Relational Database

Relational Database

Relational Database

Web Role

read

write

Asynchronous processes & parallelization


Defer work as late as possible– return to user as quickly as

possible

– event-driven design (instead of request-driven)

Cloud computing friendly– distributes work to more servers

(divide & conquer)

– smaller resource usage/footprint

– smaller failure surface

– decouples process dependencies

Windows Azure platform services

– Queue Service

– AppFabric Service Bus

– inter-node communicationWorker Role

Web Role

Queues

Service BusWeb Role

Web Role

Web Role

Worker Role

Worker Role

Worker Role

Idempotent operations


Repeatable processes– allow duplicates (additive)

– allow re-tries (overwrite)

– reject duplicates (optimistic locking)

– stateless design

Cloud computing friendly– resiliency

Windows Azure platform services

– Queue Service

– AppFabric Service Bus

Worker Role

Service Bus Worker Role

Worker Role

At most two of these properties for any shared-data system

C A

P

Consistency + Availability • High data integrity• Single site, cluster database, LDAP, xFS file

system, etc.• 2-phase commit, data replication, etc.

C A

P

Consistency + Partition • Distributed database, distributed locking, etc.• Pessimistic locking, minority partition

unavailable, etc.

C A

P

Availability + Partition • High scalability• Distributed cache, DNS, etc.• Optimistic locking, expiration/leases, etc.

CAP (Consistency, Availability, Partition) Theorem


Source: “Towards Robust Distributed Systems”, Dr. Eric A. Brewer, UC Berkeley

Hybrid architectures


Scale-out (horizontal)– BASE: Basically Available, Soft

state, Eventually consistent

– focus on “commit”

– conservative (pessimistic)

– shared nothing

– favor extreme size

– e.g., user requests, data collection & processing, etc.

Scale-up (vertical)– ACID: Atomicity, Consistency,

Isolation, Durability

– availability first; best effort

– aggressive (optimistic)

– transactional

– favor accuracy/consistency

– e.g., BI & analytics, financial processing, etc.

Most distributed systems employ both approaches

Lastly…

Windows Azure is an open & interoperable cloud platform

Microsoft is committed to Java, and we are on a journey – please give us your feedback & participate in open source projects

Diverse Choice of Development Tools for Java Developers– Eclipse Tools for Windows Azure – Write Modern Cloud Application

– Tomcat Solutions Accelerator

– Admin Access & VM Role

– Windows Azure Platform SDKs for Java Developers• Windows Azure SDK (Storage, Diagnostics & Service Management)• App Fabric SDK (Service Bus & Access Control Services)• Restlet extension for OData (Java)

For more information:– http://windowsazure.com/interop

– http://www.interoperabilitybridges.com

> Wrap-Up

© 2010 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Thank you!

David [email protected]/dachou