IoT - Transforming the way we behave with our environment

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The!IoT!'!Transforming!the!way!we!behave!with!our!environment!

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THE!INTERNET!OF!THINGS!!!

Transforming!the!way!we!behave!

with!our!environment!!

Thesis!written!by!Stephan!Saint'Denis,!M.Sc!in!Management!&!Marketing,!Kedge!Business!School,!27/05/2014!

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They!predicted…!

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!"...by%means%of%electric%media,%we%set%up%a%dynamic%by%which%all%previous%

technologies%:%including%cities%:%will%be%translated%into%information%systems"!

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Marshall%McLuhan.%1964%

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“The%impact%of%sensors%doesn’t%stop%at%mere%sensing.%What%happens%when%we%put%

eyes,%ears,%and%sensory%organs%on%devices?%Inevitably,%we%are%going%to%ask%those%

devices%to%respond%to%what%they%“see,”%to%manipulate%the%world%around%them.%The%

sensor%decade%will%really%be%a%sensor/effector%decade,%where%devices%will%not%only%

observe%things,%they%will%also%manipulate%them.”%

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Paul%Saffo's,%1998%

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"And%men%got%dreaming.%Shouldn't%there%be%a%network%that%made%all%my%devices%

collaborate%at%all%times,%converse%spontaneously%among%themselves%and%with%the%

rest%of%the%world,%and%all%together%make%up%a%kind%of%single%virtual%computer%–%the%

sum%of%their%respective%intelligence,%knowledge%and%

know%how?"%

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Rafi%Haladjian,%2005%

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"The%Internet%of%Things%has%the%potential%to%change%the%world,%just%as%the%Internet%

did.%Maybe%even%more%so."!

Kevin!Ashton,!2009!

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And!today!it’s!happening…!

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Never%forget%to%take%your%medication%again%and%automagically%keep%your%loved%

ones%informed.%–%GlowCaps,%2008%

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Make%energy%savings%and%lower%your%electricity%bill.%:%%Nest,%2010%

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Front%pockets%and%purses%are%slowly%being%emptied,%as%your%house%keys%will%now%be%

in%your%phone.%%:%August%Smart%Lock,%2013%

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Plants%tell%you%when%to%be%watered.%:%Parrot%Flower%Power,%2013%

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Intuitively%make%your%life%more%serene.%:%Sense%Mother,%2014%

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PREFACE!!

Right!off!the!bat,!I!must!confess,!I!am!somehow!addicted!to!the!Internet!as!I!need!

my!daily!dose!of!news,!social!feed!and!junk!that!I!can!find!in!my!inbox.!I!think!a!

lot! of! people! can! also! identify!with! this.! It! feels! almost! like! I! can’t! have! a! day!

without!being!connected!to!the!Internet.!!

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Technology! startups! and! companies! are! constantly! making! our! experience! on!

devices!and! the! Internet!more!simple,! slick!and! intuitive.!Using!computers!and!

mobile!devices!has!become!an!almost!hassle!free!experience!as!you!simply!need!

to!press!the!power!button,!login!'!and!voila!!From!there!on,!you!have!the!power!

to!do!many!things,!the!world!is!literally!at!your!fingertips,!with!only!a!few!clicks.!

For! example,! you! can! start! by! virtually! socializing!with! your! friends! on! social!

media;! read! your! piece! of! news! on! your! favorite! e'channel;! shop! on! the! web!

without!wasting!your! time!outside! in! shopping!malls! and!view!movies! and!TV!

shows!on'demand,!instantly.!!

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In! addition,! the! millions! of! applications! have! made! our! experience! more!

enjoyable!through!seamless!connection!to!the!Internet.!Applications!can!now!do!

a! “zillion”! things! for! you! '! from! videos! games,! instant! news! feeds! and! social!

media!to!compasses,!lamp!torches!and!augmented!reality!!'!blurring!the!physical!

world!with!the!virtual!world.!!!

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It’s! incredible! to!see!how!these! things!have!changed!our!mode!of!consumption!

and!even!behavior!with!technology!and!the!Internet.!!

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The! second! reason! for! writing! this! paper! is! that! I! praise! and! I! also! fear! the!

advances! in! technology.! On! the! one! hand,! it! has! made! life! easier,! more!

productive!and!entertaining!for!billions!of!people.! It!has!helped!companies!and!

entrepreneurs!to!innovate,!optimize!processes!and!create!new!business!models.!

Ultimately,! it!has!pushed!humanity! to!discover!new!frontiers:! the!power!of! the!

virtual! world! through! the! utilization! of! our! electromagnetic! field! and! smart!

technologies.!!

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On!the!other!hand,!our!privacy!and!security!is!at!stake!as!the!Internet!has!made!it!

possible! for! any! individual! to! hack! in! your! computer,! laptop! and! even! your!

phone.!The!Edward!Snowden!case,!where!the!NSA!not!only!spied!on!enemies!but!

also! on! its! allies! and! citizens,! is! a! perfect! illustration! of! privacy! and! security!

breaches! specifically! pertaining! to! the! 21st! century.! This! issue! is! a! growing!

concern,! as! the! most! mundane! objects! in! your! house! will! very! likely! be!

connected!to!the!Internet,!according!to!predictions1.!!

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Last!but!not!least,!in!November!2013,!I!attended!a!seminar,!“Mobile!Marketing”,!

hosted! by! Gemalto! executives! Emmanuel! Legros! and! Nadia! Gonzalez! Ernould.!

This! seminar! greatly! piqued! my! interest! as! was! I! was! introduced! to! the!

fascinating!world!of!the!Internet!of!Things.!!

The! good! news! is! that! I! will! be! interning! at! Gemalto! in! the!Mobile!Marketing!

department!as!of!June!2014.!!

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All! of! the! above! reasons! have! motivated! me! into! writing! this! research! paper!

about!the!Internet!of!Things.!!

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SPECIAL!THANKS!

I!would!kindly! like! to! thank! Jean!Philippe!Danglade,! teacher!at!Kedge!Business!

School,!who!accepted!to!be!my!tutor,!and!a!good!friend!of!mine,!Andi!Holton,!who!

meticulously!corrected!this!paper.!!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1See!part!3!'!PREDICTIONS!

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TABLE!OF!CONTENTS!EXECUTIVE!SUMARY!......................................................................................................!10!!

1.! INTRODUCTION!.......................................................................................................!12!!

SOCIETY!OBSERVATION!AND!EVOLUTION!...............................................................................!12!AVERAGE!JOE!..........................................................................................................................................!13!BLURRING!THE!PHYSICAL!WORLD!WITH!THE!VIRTUAL!WORLD!.................................!14!THE!PLAN!.................................................................................................................................................!15!LIMITATION!............................................................................................................................................!15!

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2.! WHAT!IS!THE!INTERNET!OF!THINGS?!..............................................................!16!!

ORIGINS!.....................................................................................................................................................!16!DEFINITIONS!..........................................................................................................................................!17!VALUE!PROPOSITION!.........................................................................................................................!18!A!ROSE!BY!ANY!OTHER!NAME!........................................................................................................!18!EXAMPLES!................................................................................................................................................!19!THE!TRIPLE!A!.........................................................................................................................................!22!MIND!BOGGLING!NUMBERS!............................................................................................................!22!DIKW!PYRAMID!.....................................................................................................................................!23!

!TECHNOLOGIES!FOR!THE!INTERNET!OF!THINGS!..........................................................!25!Shrinking!Technologies!......................................................................................................................!26!Sensing!Technologies!..........................................................................................................................!27!Tagging!Technologies!..........................................................................................................................!28!Thinking!Technologies!........................................................................................................................!30!THE!MAKER!REVOLUTION!...............................................................................................................!31!MOBILE!DEVICES!..................................................................................................................................!32!Synergistic!Technologies!...................................................................................................................!33!

!MAIN!CHALLENGES!FOR!THE!IOT!........................................................................................!33!

!BRIEF!HISTORY!.........................................................................................................................!36!

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3.! FUTURE!SOCIETY!....................................................................................................!40!!PREDICTIONS!.............................................................................................................................!42!STATISTICS!..............................................................................................................................................!42!WHAT!EXPERTS!ARE!SAYING!–!NUMBER!OF!CONNECTED!DEVICES!...........................!43!WHAT!EXPERTS!ARE!SAYING!–!ECONOMIC!VALUE!OF!THE!IoT!.....................................!44!

!ENVIRONMENTAL!TRANSFORMATION!.............................................................................!46!

!COMPOUND!APPLICATIONS!..................................................................................................!51!

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4.! CONCLUSION!.............................................................................................................!55!!

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APPENDIX!..........................................................................................................................!57!!

MAJOR!REFERENCES!......................................................................................................!61!!

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!LIST!OF!APPENDICES!!!

Table!1!'!What!is!a!zetabyte?!!

Table!2!'!List!of!tagging/communication!technologies!

Table!3!'!The!Internet!of!Things!Landscape! !

Table!4!–!Resource(Kit(((LIST!OF!FIGURES!!Figure!1V!DIKW!Pyramid!!Figure!2!V!Evolution!of!shrinking!technologies!versus!cost!!!Figure!3!V!How!communication!technologies!belong!to!different!categories!of!networks!!Figure!4!–!Growth!of!the!search!term!“Internet!of!Things”!on!the!Internet,!Google!Trends!

!Figure!5!'!Gartner’s!Hype!Cycle!2013!!

Figure!6!'!Technology!Roadmap!of!the!IoT!!

Figure!7!'!Number!of!Connected!Devices!!

Figure!8!V!How!markets!will!be!affected!!

Figure!9!V!Smart!City!(

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EXECUTIVE!SUMARY!!

The! Internet! of! Things! (IoT)! is! the! next! evolution! of! the! Internet! and! it! is!

happening!right!now.!“The!Internet!of!Things!links!the!objects!of!the!real!world!

with!the!virtual!world,!thus!enabling!anytime,!anyplace!connectivity!for!anything!

and!not!only!for!anyone.!It!refers!to!a!world!where!physical!objects!and!beings,!

as!well!as!virtual!data!and!environments,!all!interact!with!each!other!in!the!same!

space!and!time.”!–!CERP'IoT!

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The! Internet! of! Things! is! at! a! nascent! point! and! will! soon! be! reaching!

mainstream! consciousness.! Billions! of! computers,! phones! and! televisions! are!

now! connected! to! the! Internet.! Progressively,! consumers! are! adopting! new!

categories!of!connected!objects,!such!as!the!smart!watch!from!Samsung!and!the!

smart! thermostat! and! glasses! from! Google.! In! fact,! within! a! few! years! now,!

anything!within!our!environment!will!be!connectable.!“Currently,!99.4!percent!of!

physical!objects!that!may!one!day!be!part!of!the!Internet!of!Everything!are!still!

unconnected.”!–!Cisco!IBSG!

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Today,! there! are! more! than! 10! billion! wirelessly! connected! devices! in! the!

market.! In! 2015,! 15! to! 25! billion! devices! will! be! connected.! And! by! 2020,! 50!

billion!IoT'enabled!devices!will!be!functional.!!

McKinsey!Global!Institute!estimates!that!the!economic!impact!of!the!Internet!of!

Objects!will!hit!$2.7!trillion!to!$6.2!trillion!per!year!by!2025.!!

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The!Internet!of!Things!applications!will!increasingly!transform!individuals’!lives!

within! the! macro! and! micro! environment,! the! personal! and! professional!

environment!and!across!all!industries.!

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The! promotion! and! development! of! the! IoT! depends! on! several! key! enablers,!

which!are!considered!as!dynamic!technical!innovations.!They!can!be!divided!into!

four! big! categories:! shrinking! technologies,! tagging! technologies,! sensing!

technologies!and!thinking!technologies.!

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As! data! and! information! are! proliferating! with! the! development! of! smarter,!

smaller,! cheaper! and! connected! technologies,! we! are! entering! a! knowledge'

based! economy!where! information! and! knowledge! are! now! recognized! as! the!

driver!of!productivity!and!economic!growth!in!an!increasingly!challenging!world.!!

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As! connected! things!will! be! capable! to! take! action!without! a! human! operator,!

many! nodes! are! subject! to! hacking! by! anyone,! including! malicious! hackers,!

criminals!or!terrorists.!Home!automation!poses!great!questions!as!it!means!that!

the!houses!of!billions!of!people!are!potentially!exposed!to!both!privacy!breaches!

and!security!threats.!!

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1. INTRODUCTION!

SOCIETY!OBSERVATION!AND!EVOLUTION!!!

Society!has!witnessed!a!great!revolution!in!the!last!two!decades!or!so,!where!the!

Internet,!computers,!laptops,!tablets!and!smart!phones!can!now!be!found!in!the!

homes! of! billions! of! people.! These! revolutionary! telecommunication!

technologies!are!relatively!recent!innovations,!yet!they!have!changed!forever!the!

way!we!interact!and!behave!with!people.!!

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Home!computers!were! the! first! “connected!devices”! introduced! to!mainstream!

society! as! they! permitted! the! transfer! of! data!within! a! global! virtual! network.!

That! meant! that! anyone! could! communicate! from! one! point! of! the! globe! to!

another! one,! instantly.! In! the! past! decade,! home! computers! have! been!

progressively!replaced!by!laptops!as!technology!became!smarter!and!cheaper.!!

In!the!past!years,!we!have!witnessed!a!boom!in!communication!technologies!in!

the! consumer! market.! Smartphones! seamlessly! introduced! themselves! in! the!

pockets! of! 2! billion! users! and! tablet! PCs! are! now! becoming! a! substitute! for!

laptops.! ! We! are! in! a! society! where! technology! is! becoming! increasingly!

important!and!indispensable!to!the!life!of!millions!and!even!billions!of!people.!!

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The! first! wave! of! mass! produced! home! computers! to! gain! commercial! appeal!

happened! in! the! late! 1970s! when! large'scale! integration! made! it! possible! to!

construct! a! sufficiently! powerful! and! cost! effective!microprocessor! on! a! single!

semiconductor! chip!2.! Specifically,! 1977! saw! the! introduction! of! the! so'called!

“Big'Three”:! The! Apple,! The! Tandy/Radio! Shack! TRS'80! Model! and! the!

Commodore!Pet!2000!in!North!America.!!

With! the! introduction! of! the! Internet! to! civilians! and! the! fact! that! computer!

technologies! became! cheaper! and! cheaper,! home! computers!witnessed! a! great!

boom!in!developed!countries!in!the!1990s.!!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2!Source:!Encyclopedia!Britannica!

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/452928/personal'computer'PC!

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Today,!in!the!smartphone!business,!the!iPhone!is!often!taken!as!a!reference,!as!it!

highly!contributed!to!making!smart!mobile!phones!mainstream.!The!first!iPhone!

and!its!first!dedicated!app!market!were!introduced!in!early!20073,!and!was!seen!

by! many! as! revolutionary.! Note! that! in! 1992,! Simon! by! IBM,! was! the! first!

smartphone!introduced!to!the!consumer!market.!However,!its!price!of!$899!and!

unease!of!use!made!its!market!penetration!very!limited.!!

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The! late! 2000s! has!witnessed! the!morphing! of! computer! technologies! such! as!

tablets! and! phablets.! As! computer! technologies! are! becoming! smaller,! smarter!

and!cheaper,!we!are!progressively!entering!into!a!new!stage!of!the!Internet:!the!

semantic!web4!where!the!Internet!of!Things!will!play!a!major!and!disruptive!role!

within!the!next!few!years.!!

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AVERAGE!JOE!

Average!Joe!uses!a!computer!–!every!day.!Average!Joe!uses!a!smartphone!–!every!

day.! This! is! a! fact! for!most! people! living! in! developed! countries.!We! live! in! a!

digitalized!world,!where!it!has!become!a!necessity!to!connect!to!the!Internet!on!a!

daily!basis.!!

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During!breakfast,!Average!Joe!likes!to!start!his!day!by!checking!his!“virtual!me”.!

On!public!transport,!he!kills!time!by!watching!Youtube!videos.!At!the!office,!his!

single!and!most!important!work!tool!is!his!laptop.! !In!fact,! laptops!populate!the!

whole! office! and! building! which! is! compartmentalized! with! cubicles.! When!

Average!Joe!has!a!lunch!meeting!in!the!city,!Google!maps!is!a!life!saver!as!he!no!

longer!needs!to!ask!for!directions!and!take!the!risk!of!getting!lost.!!!

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After! work,! he! usually! goes! for! a! walk! in! Central! Park.! At! this! point,! he! will!

activate! a! health! and! gym! application! which! will! allow! him! to! track! his! pace,!

distance!and!cardiac! rhythm,! to! finally!share!his!performance! to!his! friends!on!

Facebook.!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3!Source:!“The!First!Five!Years!of!the!iPhone!Obsession”,!Bloomberg!Businessweek,!Peter!

Burrows,!June!21,!2012!!4!W3C,!http://www.w3.org/RDF/FAQ!

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At!home,!the!smartphone!is!usually!replaced!by!the!tablet.!It!is!very!convenient!

for! average! Joe,! as! it! allows! him! to! take! a! break! from! other! technologies! he’s!

been!using!all!day;!and!he!can!enjoy!a!greater!experience!as!it! is! light,!portable!

and!the!screen!is!wider.!In!fact!his!wife!and!his!2!kids!also!have!laptops,!tablets!

and! smartphones.!However,! there! is! one!big! rule! at! home!–! no!devices!during!

dinner,!it’s!family!time.!

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Average!Joe!often!goes!abroad!on!vacation.!He!is!very!glad!to!be!able!to!use!his!

smartphone!as!he!can!stay!in!touch!with!his!loved!ones!and!friends.!In!addition!

keeping! an! eye! on! his! parents! is! important! and! now! possible,! as! he! recently!

installed! home! sensors,! which! will! send! him! a! notification! if! something! un'

habitual!happens.!!

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Interestingly,! if! you! take! a! closer! look! at! his! phone,! many! applications! are!

installed.!Some!are!very!useful!–!carpooling,!music! identification,! instant!social!

media,! lamp! torch,! compass! and! dating! apps! –! others! haven’t! been! used! for!

months!now.!!

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The! way! we! access! information,! seek! advice,! communicate,! socialize! and!

entertain! ourselves! has! substantially! evolved! in! the! past! decade.! The! Internet!

and!technology!has!completely!transformed!people’s!life.!!

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BLURRING!THE!PHYSICAL!WORLD!WITH!THE!VIRTUAL!WORLD!

Today,!a!hot!topic!–!which!may!change!our!relationship!with!the!Internet!and!the!

physical!environment!–!is!carefully!grabbing!the!attention!of!many!professionals,!

experts,!businesses,!academia!and!governments.!Cities,!infrastructure,!buildings,!

streets,! companies,! houses,! devices! and! individuals! are! being! equipped! with!

networked!sensors!and!actuators!that!allow!them!to!monitor!their!environment,!

communicate!collected!data,!receive!instructions,!and!even!take!decisions!based!

on!the!information!received!from!powerful!cloud!computing!systems.!This!is!the!

Internet!of!Things.!!

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It!will!give!a!whole!new!dimension!to!our!world,!where!previously!inert!objects!

will!be!able!to!communicate!with!you!and!other!things.!!

This! revolution! has! already! started.! More! than! nine! billion! objects,! including!

computers,! smartphones! and! tablets,! are! connected! today.! This! number! is!

expected! to! skyrocket! in! the! future,! with! estimates! of! 50! billion! connected!

devices!by!2020,!according!to!some!experts5.!!

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But!what!is!it!like!to!live!in!a!world!where!everyday!objects!will!be!smart?!Which!

sectors!will!be!impacted,!and!how!will!it!affect!individuals’!life!on!a!daily!basis?!

How!does!it!solve!problems?!And,!are!there!any!concerns!–!will!my!security!and!

privacy!be!jeopardized?!!

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THE!PLAN!

In! this! research!paper,!we!will! first!define! the!world!of! the! Internet!of!Things,!

discuss!about!its!fundamental!enablers!and!challenges!to!then!investigate!how!it!

will!impact!society!and!individuals.!

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LIMITATION!

As!all!levels!of!society!–!nations!and!cities,!industries!and!businesses,!consumers!

and! individuals! –! will! be! impacted! by! the! Internet! of! Things,! I! will! limit! my!

research!to!the!consumer!level.!!

In!addition,!to!make!my!thesis!more!accessible!to!anyone,!I!will!try!to!keep!things!

as!simple!as!possible.!!

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If! you! have! any! questions,! please! do! not! hesitate! to! contact! me! at!

[email protected]!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5!Source:!Cisco!IBSG,!2013!

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2. WHAT!IS!THE!INTERNET!OF!THINGS?!!

ORIGINS!!

The!Internet!of!Things!is!a!phrase!that!is!becoming!as!ubiquitous!as!the!concept!

itself.! The! phrase,! "Internet! of! Things",! was! coined! fifteen! years! ago! by! Kevin!

Ashton,!co'founder!of!the!MIT!Auto'ID!Center.!!

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In! 2009,! for! an! interview! for! the! RFID! Journal! Kevin! Ashton! said! "I! could! be!

wrong,!but!I'm!fairly!sure!the!phrase!"Internet!of!Things"!started!life!as!the!title!

of! a!presentation! I!made!at!Procter!&!Gamble! (P&G)! in!1999.! Linking! the!new!

idea!of!RFID!in!P&G's!supply!chain!to!the!then'red'hot!topic!of!the!Internet!was!

more!than!just!a!good!way!to!get!executive!attention.!It!summed!up!an!important!

insight!which!is!still!often!misunderstood."!!

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Searching! for! ways! to! improve! its! business’! supply! chain! management,! he!

conceptualized! a! vision! where! all! items! could! be! identified! with! wireless!

connectivity! and! smarter! technologies,! enabling! supplies! to! communicate!with!

each!other,!without!human!intervention.!In!the!same!interview!for!the!RFID,!he!

interestingly!says:!“Today!computers!–!and!therefore,! the! internet!–!are!almost!

wholly!dependent!on!human!beings!for!information.!Nearly!all!of!the!roughly!50!

petabytes6!of!data!available!on! the! Internet!were! first! captured!and!created!by!

human!beings!–!by! typing,!pressing!a! record!button,! taking!a!digital!picture!or!

scanning!a!bar!code![…]!If!we!had!computers!that!knew!everything!there!was!to!

know! about! things—using! data! they! gathered!without! any! help! from! us! ''!we!

would!be!able!to!track!and!count!everything,!and!greatly!reduce!waste,!loss!and!

cost.!We!would!know!when!things!needed!replacing,!repairing!or!recalling,!and!

whether!they!were!fresh!or!past!their!best.!We!need!to!empower!computers!with!

their!own!means!of! gathering! information,! so! they! can! see,!hear!and! smell! the!

world!for!themselves,!in!all!its!random!glory.!RFID!and!sensor!technology!enable!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6!1!minute!of!MP3!music!file!is!about!1!megabyte/!16!hours!of!music!≈!!1!gigabyte!/!

1!terabyte!≈!2!years!of!continuous!music!!/!1!exabyte!≈!!2000!years!worth!of!continuous!listening!

/!1!petabyte!level!≈!!2!million!years!/!1!zetabyte!≈!2!billion!years!worth!of!music.!!

!

!



computers! to! observe,! identify! and! understand! the! world—without! the!

limitations!of!human'entered!data.”!!!

!

Since! then,! the!definition! and! vision!of! the! Internet! of! Things! has! evolved! and!

matured! within! academia,! companies! and! experts! in! the! field! of!

telecommunication!and!automation.!At!the!core,!it!is!about!having!things!that!can!

connect,!communicate!and!make!decisions!with!or!without!human!intervention!

via!wireless!connectivity.!!

!

DEFINITIONS!

!

• CERPVIoT!says!“The!Internet!of!Things!links!the!objects!of!the!real!world!

with! the! virtual!world,! thus! enabling! anytime,! anyplace! connectivity! for!

anything! and! not! only! for! anyone.! It! refers! to! a! world! where! physical!

objects!and!beings,!as!well!as!virtual!data!and!environments,!all! interact!

with!each!other!in!the!same!space!and!time.”7!

!

• National! Intelligence! Council! refers! to! the! IoT! as! “the! general! idea! of!

things,! especially! everyday! objects,! that! are! readable,! recognizable,!

locatable,!addressable,!and/or!controllable!via!the!Internet—whether!via!

RFID,! wireless! local! area! network,! wide'area! network,! or! other!means.!

Everyday! objects! includes! not! only! the! electronic! devices!we! encounter!

every!day,!and!not!only!the!products!of!higher!technological!development!

such!as!vehicles!and!equipment,!but!things!that!we!do!not!ordinarily!think!

of!as!electronic!at!all—such!as!food,!clothing,!and!shelter;!materials,!parts,!

and! subassemblies;! commodities! and! luxury! items;! landmarks,!

boundaries,! and! monuments;! and! all! the! miscellany! of! commerce! and!

culture."8!

!

• Cisco! defines! the! IoT! as! “the! network! of! physical! objects! accessed!

through! the! Internet,! as! defined!by! technology! analysts! and! visionaries.!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7!Book:!http://www.internet'of'things'research.eu/pdf/IoT_Clusterbook_March_2010.pdf!8!Document:!!http://www.fas.org/irp/nic/disruptive.pdf!

!



These! objects! contain! embedded! technology! to! interact! with! internal!

states! or! the! external! environment.! In! other! words,! when! objects! can!

sense!and! communicate,! it! changes!how!and!where!decisions!are!made,!

and!who!makes!them.”9!!

!

• Cisco! Internet! Business! Solutions! Group! (IBSG),! IoT! “is! simply! the!

point! in! time! when! more! “things! or! objects”! were! connected! to! the!

Internet!than!people.”!It!happened!between!2008!and!2009.!

!

• Oxford! dictionary! determines! the! IoT! as! “A! proposed! development! of!

the! internet! in! which! everyday! objects! have! network! connectivity,!

allowing!them!to!send!and!receive!data.”!

!

VALUE!PROPOSITION!

Interestingly,!you!can!notice! in! the!above'mentioned!definitions! that!value!can!

be!determined!in!different!ways.!!

!

Value! proposition! 1:! The! added! value! underlined! is! the! fact! that! objects! can!

communicate!via!networks.!It’s!about!adding!value!to!things.!!

!

Value! proposition! 2:! The! added! value! underlined! is! the! fact! that! a! network! is!

created.! It’s! about! adding! value! to! a! system,! making! the! system! more!

“intelligent”.!!

!

A!ROSE!BY!ANY!OTHER!NAME!

As! the! IoT! is!becoming!more!and!more!ubiquitous,! the! term!has!been!used!by!

many!research!publications,!conferences,!academia!and!marketing!buzz.!You!can!

therefore!often!read!or!hear!about!other! terms! that!have! the!same!meaning!as!

the!Internet!of!Things!or!pertaining!to!the!same!concept:!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!9!Web!page:!http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/iot/overview.html!

!



Internet! of! Everything,! Physical! Internet,! Machine! to! Machine,! Ambient!

Intelligence,!Industrial!Internet,!Web!of!Things,!Connected!Environments,!Smart!

Cities,!Spimes,!Everyware,!Pervasive!Internet,!Connected!World,!Wireless!Sensor!

Networks,!Situated!Computing.!!

!

EXAMPLES!

Below,! are! a! few! examples! of! connected! devices! currently! available! on! the!

market10.!!

!

For!The!Body!

!!

!!

!!

For!The!House!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!10!Source:!Postscapes!

Check!on!Your!Baby!Aimed!at!helping! to! prevent!SIDS,! the!Mimo!monitor! is! a!new!

kind! of! infant! monitor! that! provides! parents! with! real'time!

information! about! their! baby's! breathing,! skin! temperature,!

body!position,!and!activity!level!on!their!smartphones.!

!

Track!Your!Activity!Levels!Using! your! smartphone's! range! of! sensors! (Accelerometer,!

Gyro,! Video,! Proximity,! Compass,! GPS,! etc)! and! connectivity!

options! (Cell,! WiFi,! Bluetooth,! NFC,! etc)! you! have! a! well!

equipped! Internet! of! Things! device! in! your! pocket! that! can!

automatically!monitor!your!movements,!location,!and!workouts!

throughout!the!day.!

Remember!to!Take!Your!Medication!GlowCaps! fit! prescription! bottles! and! via! a! wireless! chip!

provide! services! that!help! people! stick!with! their! prescription!

regimen;! from! reminder! messages,! all! the! way! to! refill! and!

doctor!coordination.!

Track!Down!Your!Lost!Keys!You!can!easily!track!down!those!lost!keys!or!cell!phone!in!your!

house! using! Bluetooth! and! other! wireless! technology! devices!

like!the!Cobra!Tag.!!

!

!



!

!!

!

!!

!

For!The!Streets!

!!

!

!!

For!The!Environment!

!

Turn!Your!Home!devices!I/O!from!anywhere!Smart!outlets!like!the!WeMo!allow!you!to!instantly!turn!on!and!

off! any! plugged! in! device! from! across! the! world! or! just! your!

living! room.! Save! money! and! conserve! energy! over! time! by!

eliminating! standby! power,! measure! and! record! the! power!

usage!of!any!device,!and!increase!its!operating!lifespan!through!

more!efficient!use!and!scheduling.!

Keep!Your!Plants!Alive!Whether! taking! care! of! a! small! hydroponic! system! or! a! large!

backyard! lawn,! systems! like! HarvestGeek! with! their! suite! of!

sensors!and!web!connectivity!help!save!you!time!and!resources!

by!keeping!plants! fed!based!on!their!actual!growing!needs!and!

conditions!while!automating!much!of!the!labor!processes.!

Stop!Driving!in!Circles!With! the! use! of! installed! sensors,! mobile! apps,! and! real'time!

web! applications! like! those! provided! in! Streetline’s! ParkSight!

service,! cities! can!optimize! revenue,! parking! space! availability!

and! enable! citizens! to! reduce! their! environmental! impact! by!

helping!them!quickly!find!an!open!spot!for!their!cars.!

Keep!Your!Streets!Clean!Products! like! the! cellular! communication! enabled! Smart! Belly!

trash! use! real'time! data! collection! and! alerts! to! let! municipal!

services! know! when! a! bin! needs! to! be! emptied.! This!

information! can! drastically! reduce! the! number! of! pick'ups!

required,! and! translates! into! fuel! and! financial! savings! for!

communities!service!departments.!

Monitor!Pollution!Levels!The! Air! Quality! Egg! is! a! community'led! air! quality! sensing!

system! designed! to! allow! anyone! to! collect! high! resolution!

readings! of!NO2! and! CO! concentrations! outside! of! their! home!

using! an!RF! transmitter! and!ethernet!driven!base! station.! The!

data! can! then!be! shared! to! create!a!network!of! readings! to!be!

used!by!the!community!and!general!public.!

!



!

!!

!!

! !

Track!Water!The! University! of! Berkeley's! Floating! Sensor! Network! project!

uses! motorized! drifters! (Outfitted! with! cell! communication,!

GPS,! temperature,! and! salinity! sensors)! that! can! be! quickly!

deployed!in!response!to!unanticipated!events!such!as!floods!to!

track! the! movement! of! water,! contaminants,! and! other!

conditions!in!waterways.!

Stop!The!Bleeding!Invisible! Tracck! is! a! wireless! device! being! used! in! pilot!

programs! to! help! combat! illegal! deforestation! taking! place! in!

the! Amazon.! The! battery'operated! devices! are! installed! on!

select! trees! and! as! soon! as! the! logged! trees! are! in! transit! and!

able!to!connect!to!a!mobile!network!(Up!to!a!20!mile!range),!an!

alert! notification! with! location! coordinates! is! sent! to! the!

Brazilian!Institute!of!Environment!so!they!can!take!action.!

!



THE!TRIPLE!A!

All!in!all,!remember!that!anything!will!be!connectable!to!the!Internet!(directly!or!

indirectly)!at!anytime! (24h/24h)!and!anywhere,!which!in!return!enables!new!

forms!of!monitoring,! communication!and!decision'making!between!people!and!

things,!and!between!things!themselves.!!!

!

MIND!BOGGLING!NUMBERS!!

Considering! that! networks! and! indeed! the! network! of! networks! (the! Internet)!

can! now! be! programmed! to! communicate! with! anything,! including! living!

beings11,!this!brings!humanity!to!a!whole!new!level.!!

!

Today,! it! is!estimated! that!4,000!exabytes!of! information! is!on! the! Internet.!To!

give! an! idea:! If! you! stacked! books! one! on! top! of! the! other,! starting! from! the!

surface! of! the! Earth,! the! amount! of! information! in! 4,000! exabytes!would! take!

that!stack!from!Earth!to!Pluto,!and!back!'!80!times12.!!

!

Furthermore,!it!is!estimated!that!only!10!billion!of!the!total!1.5!trillion!things!are!

connected!to!the!Internet.!There!are!approximately!200!connectable!things!per!

person!in!the!world!today13.!!!In!other!words,!99.4%!of!physical!objects!are!still!

unconnected.! Cisco! predicts! that! annual! Internet! traffic! volume! will! hit! 1.3!

Zettabytes!by!2016!(view!appendix:!Table!1!'!What!is!a!zettabyte?)!

!

With! the!activation!of! the! Internet!of!Everything,! the!process!of! inputting!data!

into! computer! systems! is! being! delegated! to! smart! devices.! Increasingly,! IoT'

enabled!services!are!capable!of!collecting,!processing!and!mining!data!to!create!

information.!As!technologies!will!become!smarter,!they!will!–!or!already!are!able!

to!–!collect!information!to!create!knowledge!and!to!ultimately!reach!wisdom.!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!11!A!Dutch!startup!is!using!wireless!sensors!on!cows!so!that!when!one!is!sick!or!pregnant,!it!sends!

a!message!to!the!farmer.!Each!cow!transmits!200mbof!data!per!year.!Sources:!Cisco!IBSG,!Jim!

Cicconi,!AT&T,!Steve!Leibson,!Computer!History!Museum,!CNN,!University!of!Michigan.!12!Source:!Create!Moments!of!Random!Social!Kindness,!Bryan!Kramer,!CEO!Pure!Matter,!October!

14,!2013.!13!Source:!“How!the!Next!Evolution!of!the!Internet!Is!Changing!Everything”,!Cisco!Internet!

Business!Solutions!Group,!2011.!

!



In!fact,!we!are!entering!a!realm,!where!technologies!are!being!empowered!with!

cognitive!and!learning!capabilities,!like!humans.!It!is!therefore!interesting!to!take!

a!look!at!the!human!cognitive!process!–!DIKW!Pyramid!–!and!see!how!it!can!be!

applied!to!computer!science.!

!

DIKW!PYRAMID!

The!DIKW!–!Data,!Information,!Knowledge,!Wisdom!–!pyramid!is!a!depiction!of!

the! human! cognitive! process.! Our! senses! gather! data! –! eyes! collect! light,! for!

example! –! which! is! then! processed! to! the! brain.! The! brain! provides! us! with!

information!about!our!physical!environment.!After,!this!information!is!processed!

and! assessed! with! other! stored! information! (memories)! in! our! brain! to! get! a!

bearing,! knowledge! and! even! understanding! of! what! is! happening! within! our!

surroundings!to!react/behave!appropriately.!Ultimately,!what!all!humans!would!

like! to! master! is! to! acquire! knowledge! of! what! is! right! coupled! with! just!

judgment!–!wisdom.!!!

!

Now!let’s!have!a!look!at!how!this!process!can!be!applicable!in!computer!science,!

which! will! in! return! help! us! have! a! better! understanding! of! the! relam! the!

Internet!of!Everything.!!

!

Increasingly,!computer!systems!will!collect!a!great!deal!of!data!through!sensors;!

a!big!opportunity!for!the!data!management!industry.!But!data!is!raw,!as!it!has!no!

significance.!With! the!ability!of!distributing!and!analyzing!data!–!with!wireless!

connectivity,!processors!and!cloud!computing,! for!example! '!we!can!effectively!

and!efficiently!make!sense!of!data!'!information14.!!

Information! provides! answers.! In! other!words,!we! see! things! in! data! that!we!

didn’t!see!before.!Data!is!mined.!“Who",!"what",!"where",!and!"when"!questions!

may!now!be!answered!for!any!given!thing.!!

!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!14!Technologies!still!need!to!be!optimized!for!several!reasons!to!enable!the!Internet!of!

Everything:!energy!efficient!requirements,!cost!effectiveness,!smartness,!and!miniaturization!of!

these!technologies.!!

!



The! appropriate! collection! and!

acquisition!of!information!leads!

to! knowledge.! It! is! a!

deterministic! process 15 .!

Knowledge!will! help! system! to!

“how! to”! deal! with! things!

through! the! appropriate!

collection! of! information.! True!

cognitive! and! analytical! ability!

is! needed! to! develop!

synthesized! new! knowledge,!

therefore!giving!you!even!more!

insight!and!understanding.! In!computer!parlance,!artificial! intelligence!systems!

possess! understanding! in! the! sense! that! they! are! able! to! synthesize! new!

knowledge!from!previously!stored!information!and!knowledge.!

Finally,!wisdom!calls!upon!all!the!previous!levels!of!consciousness!–!to!make!the!

right! decision.! It! beckons! to! give! us! understanding! about! which! there! has!

previously! been! no! understanding,! and! in! doing! so,! goes! far! beyond!

understanding!itself.!It!is!the!essence!of!philosophical!probing.!It!asks!questions!

to!which!there!is!no!easily'achievable!answer,!and!in!some!cases,!to!which!there!

can!be!no!humanly'known!answer16.!!

!

Visionaries,!such!as!John!Barrett,!believe!that!with!people’s!good!intentions,!the!

Internet! of! Things! and! artificial! intelligence! will! help! us! develop! wisdom! to!

ultimately!better!allocate!resources!to!everybody!according!to!their!needs.!To!a!

certain!extent,! this! is!already!happening!with! IBM’s!Smarter!City! initiative! (eg:!

fighting!traffic!and!eliminating!the!carnage!in!our!roads).!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!15!“When!someone!"memorizes"!information,!then!they!have!amassed!knowledge.!For!example,!

elementary!school!children!memorize,!or!amass!knowledge!of,!the!"times!table".!They!can!tell!

you!that!"2!x!2!=!4"!because!they!have!amassed!that!knowledge!(it!being!included!in!the!times!

table).!But!when!asked!what!is!"1267!x!300",!they!can!not!respond!correctly!because!that!entry!is!

not!in!their!times!table.!To!correctly!answer!such!a!question!requires!a!true!cognitive!and!

analytical!ability!that!is!only!encompassed!in!the!next!level...!understanding.”!!Systems!Thinking!

in!Action!Discussions!by!Gene!Bellinger. 16!Source:!“Data,!Information,!Knowledge!and!Wisdom”,!Systems!Thinking!in!Action!Discussions!

by!Gene!Bellinger.!

Figure!4!'!DIKW!Pyramid!Depiction! of! the! human! cognitive! process;! alike!

computer!science/artificial!intelligence.!

!

!



TECHNOLOGIES!FOR!THE!INTERNET!OF!THINGS!!

Now!that!we!have!a!fairly!good!grasp!at!what!the!Internet!of!Things!is,!we!will!!

go!through!the!enablers!to!understand!how!its!continuous!research!and!

development!is!fundamental!!for!its!promotion.!!

!

The! Internet! of! Things! is! at! a! nascent! point! and! will! soon! be! reaching!

mainstream! consciousness.! Billions! of! computers,! phones! and! televisions! are!

now! connected! to! the! Internet.! Progressively,! consumers! are! adopting! new!

categories!of! connected!of!objects,! such!as! the!smart!watch! from!Samsung!and!

the!smart!thermostat!and!glasses!from!Google.!This!means!that!our!houses!and!

even!our!bodies!are!increasingly!being!connected!to!a!network!or!the!Internet.!!!

In!fact,!anything!within!our!environment!will!have!the!potential!to!be!connected.!

This! is! why! it! is! of! utmost! importance! that! all! players! –! governments,! policy!

makers,! scientists,! academia,! industries! and! business! –! must! contribute! and!

collaborate!with!the!advances!in!the!Internet!of!Everything.!!

!

The! promotion! and! development! of! IoT! depends! on! several! key! enablers! '!

dynamic! technical! innovations.! ! These! innovations! include! enhanced! item!

identification,! data! collection,! embedded! intelligence,! operating! systems,!

interoperable!communication!and!management!standards,!cloud!computing!and!

its!miniaturization.!!

To!keep!it!simple,!we!can!divide!these!enablers!into!four!categories:!!

• Shrinking!Technologies!–!eg:!miniaturization!and!nanotechnologies.!

• Tagging!Technologies!–!eg:!RFID,!Bluetooth,!WiFi,!etc.!

• Sensing!Technologies!–!eg:!movement!sensors,!temperature!sensors!etc.!

• Thinking! Technologies! –! eg:! objects! that! can! access! the! semantic! web,!

cloud! analytics! and! applications! to! respond! appropriately! to! its!

environment.!

These! enablers! already! exist! but! are! not! quite! yet.! In! the! past! decade! or! so,!

companies! (IoT! consortium! comprised! of! 28! companies17),! institutions! (2005:!

United! Nations’! first! report! on! IOT,! 2006:! IoT! is! recognized! by! the! European!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!17!http://iofthings.org/!

!



Commission)!and!academia!(the!connected!coffee!pot!at!Cambridge!University)!

have!put!in!a!lot!of!effort!and!investment!to!make!it!where!we!are!at!right!now.!

Yet,! we! still! need! to! promote! the! Internet! of! Things! to! offer! best! consumer!

experience!–!leveraging!ambient!intelligence,!for!example.!!

!

According!to!Gartner’s!Hype!Cycle!2013,!the!Internet!if!Things!is!still!under!the!

peak!of!inflated!expectations!category.!Indeed!early!publicity!produces!a!number!

of! success! stories—often! accompanied! by! scores! of! failures.! Some! companies!

take!action;!many!do!not.18!It!will!take!more!than!ten!years!to!reach!the!plateau!

of!productivity!to!finally!be!adopted!by!mainstream!society.!!

!

SHRINKING!TECHNOLOGIES!!

Moore’s!law19!has!demonstrated!that!the!density!of!transistors!in!any!given!area!

will!double!every!two!years.!However,!there!is!a!point!of!Moore’s!law!which!will!

reach! maximum! density.! According! to! futurists! like! Raymond! Kurzweil! and!

others,!we!will!move!beyond!silicon!based!computing!to!other!nanotechnologies!

such!as!nanotubes20.!All!types!of!technologies!are!bound!to!become!smaller!and!

smaller! as! researchers! and! businesses! are! continuously! striving! to! make! it!

happen.! Take! for! example! your! computer! ten! years! ago.!How!does! it! look! like!

today?! There! is! no! doubt! that! we! will! be! able! to! connect! anything! in! our!

environment.!!!

!

In! addition,! we! will! reach! powers! of! computing! that! are! exponentially! higher!

than!what!we!currently!have.!With!miniaturization,!not!only!can!we!do!more,!but!

also! consume! less! power.! The! smart'watch! is! a! very! good! example! of! how!

miniaturization!of!technologies!is!affecting!the!consumer!market.!But!this!is!only!

the!beginning,!as!it!will!transform!life,!businesses!and!the!global!economy.!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!18!Source:!Methodologies,!Hype!Cycles,!Gartner.!19!Moore’s!Law!is!a!computing!term!which!originated!around!1970;!the!simplified!version!of!this!

law!states!that!processor!speeds,!or!overall!processing!power!for!computers!will!double!every!

two!years.!Source:!www.mooreslaw.org.!20!Source:!Faster!Computer!with!nanotechnology,!Science!Daily,!University!of!Gothenburg,!June!1!

2010.!

!



Innovating! in! miniaturization! will! tremendously! promote! the! IoT! in! the! next!

years!and!decades!to!come.!

Here,! is! an! illustration! from! the! International! Telecommunication! Union21!'!

showing!how!miniaturization!will!increase!the!amount!of!connected!things!while!

prices!will!substantially!decrease!over!time.!!

!

!

!

!

SENSING!TECHNOLOGIES!!

One! may! wonder! '! how! are! things/objects! able! to! respond! to! temperature!

changes,! movements! and! sound! variation?! Sensor! technologies,! such! as!

thermostats,! do! the! job,! and! they! are! increasingly! becoming! smaller,! smarter,!

diverse!and!cheaper.!!!

!

The! ability! to! detect! changes! in! the! physical! status! of! things! is! essential! for!

recording!changes!in!the!environment.!Sensors!play!a!pivotal!role!in!bridging!the!

gap!between!the!physical!and!virtual!worlds,!and!enabling!things!to!respond!to!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!21!United!Nations’!specialized!agency!for!information!and!communication!technologies.!

Figure!5!–!Evolution!of!shrinking!technologies!versus!cost!!Source:!ITU!

!

!



changes! in! their! physical! environment.! In! other! words,! sensing! technologies!

offers! our! physical!world! a! digital! nervous! system! composed!of! virtual! organs!

and!senses,!allowing!everyday!objects!to!react!to!its!environment.!

!

Sensors!collect!data!from!their!environment,!which!is!then!processed!locally!or!

remotely! via! embedded! processing! nodes.! Information! is! then! created! and!

digitized! so! that!actuators! can! respond!accordingly.! ! For!example,! sensors! in!a!

smart! house! collect! data! about! changes! in! external! temperature! and! weather!

forecast.!Data!is!mined!and!distributed!to!actuators!to!cool!down!or!heat!up!the!

house.!!

!

Example!of!sensors:!

• See:! machine! vision,! optical! ambient! light! /! motion,! velocity,!

displacement!/!position,!presence,!proximity!/!leaks,!levels!/!acceleration.!

• Feel:! temperature! /! humidity,!moisture! /! flow! /! force,! load,! pressure! /!

electric,!magnetic.!

• Hear:!acoustic,!sound,!vibration.!

• Smell:!chemical,!gas.!

!

Sensing!technologies!have!no!use!if!they!can’t!communicate!collected!data!from!

their! physical! environment.! Communication! is! triggered! by! Tagging!

Technologies.!!

!

TAGGING!TECHNOLOGIES!!

Tagging! technologies! are! crucial! for! the! development! of! the! IoT! to! connect!

everyday! objects! to! other! objects,! database! infrastructures! and! systems! via!

networks!and/or!the!network!of!networks!(the!internet).!!

!

In!order!for!an!everyday!object!to!transfer!data!from!its!chip,!a!sort!of!antenna!

needs!to!be!placed;!we!call!this!system!a!transponder.!In!addition!a!reader!with!

an!antenna! is!also! indispensable! to!allow!two'way!communication.!From!there!

!



on,!the!detection,! identification,!and!location!of!objects! is!activated!via!wireless!

connectivity!between!two!or!more!things.!!!

!

!

For!energy!saving,!efficiency!reasons!and!to!better!serve!the!network,!many!new!

types!of!tagging!technologies!have!been!developed!in!the!past!few!years,!as!the!

number!of!connected!devices!will!substantially!increase.! !Cisco!predicts!that!50!

billion!objects!will!be!connected!to!the!Internet!by!2020.!And!it!is!estimated!that!

for!each!household,!50!Internet'connected!devices!will!be!owned!by!2020.!22!

!

You!will! find,! hereafter,! a! non'exhaustive! list! of! different! tagging! technologies,!

belonging! to! different! types! of! networks! –! PAN,! Personal! Area! Network;! LAN,!

Local! Area! Network;! MAN,! Metropolitan! Area! Network;! WAN,! Wide! Area!

Network!–!and!serving!different!purposes!for!consumers,!businesses!and!specific!

industries!(more!info!can!be!viewed!in!Table!2!'!List!of!tagging/communication!

technologies)!

• PAN! connectivity:! Ethernet,! powerline,! RFID,! ANT,! ZIGBEE,! Z'WAVE,!

Bluetooth.!

• LAN!connectivity:!WiFi,!DASH!7.!

• MAN:!WIMAX,!Weigthless.!

• WAN:!LTE!Advanced,!4G.!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!22!The!Internet!Of!Things:!By!2020,!You'll!Own!50!Internet'Connected!Devices,!The!Huffington!

Post,!Paul!Casciato,!April!23,!2014!

!



!!

!

!

!

!

Once! things! can! sense! their! environment! and! communicate! data,! we! need! to!

empower!technologies!to!analyze!data!and!provide!information!to!these!objects.!!

!

THINKING!TECHNOLOGIES!

Today,!computer!systems,!such!as!powerful!microprocessors,!are!able!to!mine!a!

great! amount! of! data! remotely 23 !or! locally.! They! have! the! capability! of!

interpreting!and!executing!program! instructions!as!well!as!handling!arithmetic!

operations.!Thereupon,! thinking! technologies!play!an!extremely! important! role!

as!they!provide!the!intelligence!for!each!connected!device.!!

!

Local! Embedded! Processing! Nodes:! with! local! microcontrollers! or!

microprocessors!units!(MCU,!MPU),!things!are!able!to!process!data! in!real!time!

and!can!also!act!upon!data!received!from!other!nodes!and/or!networks.!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!23!Referring!to!the!cloud.!

Figure!6!–!How!communication!technologies!belong!to!different!categories!of!networks!Source:!Harbor!Research!and!Postscapes!

!



Remote!Embedded!Processing!Nodes:!cloud!computing!is!essential!to!analyze!

data! and!provide! feedback! to! connected! things.! In! contrary! to! local! embedded!

processing! nodes,! cloud! computing! has! the! capability! of! accumulating! and!

analyzing! vast! amount! of! data! –! big! data! –! from! different! connected! things.!

Dedicated! applications! and! software! can! become! very! useful! to! help!

understanding!the!complexity!of!crossed!data!and!information.!!

This! is! not! only! very! interesting! for! households/consumers! but! also! for!

businesses!and!industries.!Massive!increases! in!storage!and!computing!power!'!

some!of! it! available!via! cloud! computing! '!make!number! crunching!possible! at!

very!large!scale!and!at!declining!cost.24!

!

Software,! middleware! and! hardware! to! support! and! automate! tasks!

harmoniously:!having!all!objects!to!communicate!with!each!other!harmoniously!

is!a!challenge.!Therefore,!it!is!essential!to!deploy!software!and!middleware!that!

will! enable! various! heterogeneous! devices! to! talk! with! each! other! and! its!

infrastructure,!in!more!powerful!and!efficient!ways.!!

!

THE!MAKER!REVOLUTION!!

Crowdfunding!will!contribute!to!making!new!discoveries!and!promote!the!world!

of!the!Internet!of!Things!to!the!masses.!It!gives!people!the!power!to!make!their!

project!a!reality;!by!moving!from!the!prototype!phase!to!the!production!phase.!!

Furthermore,! 3D!printers! are!now!available! to!mainstream!society! at! a! decent!

price;!anyone!can!now!take!prototypes!out.!!

!

A! whole! new! “maker! industry”! in! information! technology! has! flourished! in!

providing! affordable! tools,! such! as! open! source! hardware! and! software! (eg:!

Arduino,!Beagleboard,!Netduino!and!Raspberry!Pi).!It!makes!it!very!accessible!to!

everyone!out!there,!even!with!very!minimal!electronic!knowledge,!to!be!able!to!

plug!the!right!types!of!sensors!and!right!types!of!codes.!!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!24!The!Internet!of!Things,!McKinsey,!Michael!Chui,!Markus!Loffler,!Roger!Roberts,!March!2010.!

!



MOBILE!DEVICES!

Today,! the!average!smartphone!has!sensors!(a!compass,!GPS,! light,!sound!etc.).!

Via!applications,!it!can!monitor!our!health,!the!velocity!of!our!car,!the!magnitude!

of!earthquakes!and!countless!other!things!that!its!creators!never!envisioned25.!!

!

“You’re!now!carrying!the!perfect!tool!with!you!in!the!form!of!your!smartphone,!

to! stay! connected! to! your! physical! graph26,”! says! Alex! Hawkinson,! CEO! of!

Smartthings.!Smartphones!are!like!tricoders27!as!it!is!a!medium!to!connect!with!

the!virtual!world.!Soon,!you!will!be!able!to!use!it!as!a!universal!remote!control,!as!

a!dashboard!to!access!and!control!your!connected!devices!'!thermostats,!coffee!

machines,!cars,!front!doors,!lights,!work!stations!etc!'!and!to!choreograph!them!

to!respond!to!your!needs!and!solve!your!problems.!!

!

Today! a! lot! of! consumers! are! not! ready! to! invest! and! accept! such! connected!

technologies!in!their!houses.!A!$4,000!smart!fridge!with!a!tablet!on!its!front!door!

may!find!very!few!takers.!However,!many!seamless!connected!devices!en!rapport!

with!smartphones!are!very!likely!to!be!in!the!houses!of!millions!in!the!next!few!

years.!!

!

In!home!security,!miniature!connected!motion!sensors28!permits!users!to!know,!

via! their! smartphone,! if! unusual! activity! is! taking! place,! or! if! someone! has!

entered!their!house!or!a!room.!In!fitness!and!health,!connected!wristbands29!to!

your!smartphone!and!the!internet!allows!users!to!gain!insight!about!their!body!

activity! and! other! information! such! as! pulse,!miles! run,! burned! calories,! steps!

taken!and!other!fitness!and!health!goals.!!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!25!Source:!The!Internet!of!Everything!–!Four!Technologies!We'll!Actually!Use!within!Three!Years,!

Cisco,!Kristi!Essick,!March!26,!2014.!26!Physical!graph:!connected!things.!27!In!the!fictional!Star!Trek!universe,!a!tricorder!is!a!multifunction!hand'held!device!used!for!

sensor!scanning,!data!analysis,!and!recording!data.!28!Companies!that!develop!these!products:!Smartsense'motion!and!Dropcam.!29!Companies!that!develop!these!products:!FitBit,!Nike!FuelBand,!Jawbone!Up,!Lively,!BeClose.!

!



Smartphones!will! inevitably!benefit! the!adoption!of! internet'connected!devices!

in!the!mass'market,!in!a!smoother!and!progressive!way!and!without!“disturbing”!

the!minds!of!millions,!and!potentially!billions!of!users.!!

!

SYNERGISTIC!TECHNOLOGIES!!

Best!consumer!experience!and!added!value!is!always!a!plus.!To!leverage!the!

most!out!of!the!Internet!of!Things,!the!promotion!of!synergistic!technologies!

must!be!taken!into!account:!

• Geo'tagging/geo'caching!

• Biometrics!

• Machine!vision!

• Robotics!

• Augmented!reality!

• Mirror!worlds!

• Telepresence!and!adjustable!autonomy!!

• Life!recorders!and!personal!black!boxes!!

• Tangible!user!interfaces!

• Clean!technologies30!

!

!

With!the!explosion!of!smartphones!and!the!continuous!development!of!smaller,!

smarter,! cheaper! technologies,! we! will! be! able! to! connect! anything! over!

networks!and!the!network!of!networks!–!the!Internet.!!

!

MAIN!CHALLENGES!FOR!THE!IOT!!

Building!an!ecosystem!with! connected! smart! things! can!help! solve!a! lot!of!our!

problems! and! even! save! lives.! However,! the! Internet! of! Things! poses! several!

challenges! due! to! interoperability! and! sensor! energy! inefficiency,! security! and!

privacy!concerns!and!the!sheer!scale!of!its!deployment.!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!30!SRI!CBI:!Strategic!Research!Institute!Consulting!Business!Intelligence.!

!



!

Sensor!energy!

Sensors!are!everywhere,!and!they!will!highly! increase!with!the!development!of!

the! IoT.!They!will! continue! to!be!deployed!across! the!planet!and! in!space.! It! is!

therefore! paramount! for! sensors! to! be! self'sustaining! as! it! is! not! viable! and!

practical! to!change!batteries!every!now!and! then.!What! is!needed,! is!a!way! for!

sensors!to!generate!electricity!from!environmental!elements!such!as!vibrations,!

light,!and!airflow.31!

!

Scientists!recently!announced!a!commercially!viable!nanogenerator!—!a!flexible!

chip! that! uses! body! movements! such! as! the! pinch! of! a! finger! to! generate!

electricity—at! the! 241st! National! Meeting! &! Exposition! of! the! American!

Chemical!Society!in!March!201132.!

!

IPV6!

The!world!ran!out!of!available!IPV4!in!2010.!This!meant!that!we!could!no!longer!

assign!unique!addresses!to!newly!connected!devices.!!

To!solve!this!problem,!IPV6!was!launched!in!2012.!Even!though!no!real! impact!

has! been! noticed! by! the! general! public,! there! are! still! great! concerns! among!

network!engineers33.!

!

Privacy!and!security!!

One! of! the! most! preoccupying! and! challenging! implications! is! privacy! and!

security!and!even!how!companies!are!organized.!!

!

As! connected! things!will! be! capable! to! take! action!without! a! human! operator,!

many! nodes! are! subject! to! hacking! by! anyone,! including! malicious! hackers,!

criminals!or!terrorists.!Home!automation!poses!great!questions!as!it!means!that!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!31!Source:!“Smart!Dust!Sensor!Network!with!Piezoelectric!Energy!Harvesting,”!Yee!Win!Shwe!&!

Yung!C.!Liang,!ICITA,!2009.!32!Source:!“First!Practical!Nanogenerator!Produces!Electricity!with!Pinch!of!the!Fingers,”!March!

29,!2011.!33!Know!more!about!IPV6!security!on!The!Internet!Society!web!page:!

http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/resources/rfc'7123'security'implications'of'ipv6'

on'ipv4'networks/!

!



the!houses!of!billions!of!people!are!potentially!exposed!to!both!privacy!breaches!

and!security!threats.!!

!

These!concerns!must!be! tackled!before!society! fully!embraces! the!realm!of! the!

Internet!of!Things!

!

Cost!!

For! the! IoE34!to! grow! rapidly,! enablers! such! as! sensors,! wireless! and! smart!

technologies! must! become! cost! efficient.! Today,! we! are! on! the! right! track! as!

components!will!drop!15%!to!45%!from!2010!to!201535.!!

!

!! !

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!34!Internet!of!Everything!35!Falling!Cost!of!Components!Will!Help!Drive!The!Pervasiveness!of!the!Internet!of!Things,!

Gartner,!2011.!

!



BRIEF!HISTORY!!In! this! part,! you! will! be! introduced! to! how! information! and! communication!

technology! and! the! Internet! of! Things! has! evolved! since! 1832,! including!

milestone!projects,!discoveries,!recognitions!and!important!people.!!

!

In! the! first! half! of! the! 19th! century,! the! first!electromagnetic! telegraph!was!

created! by!Baron! Shiling.! It! was! the! first! relatively! small! telecommunication!

technology! that! allowed! human'to'human! communication! of! coded! text!

messages!over!long!distances.!!

Later! on,! the! first! public! morse! code! –! “What! hath! God! wrought?"! from!

Washington,!D.C.!to!Baltimore!–!was!communicated!by!Samuel!Morse36.!

Nikola! Tesla,! another! important! person! in! the! history! of! telecommunication,!

made!revolutionary!discoveries.!He!is!seen!by!many!as!the!creator!of!the!radio.!

In!1926,!in!an!interview!with!Colliers!Magazine,!Nikola!Tesla!foresees!the!future;!

as!systems!will!become!smaller!and!more!intelligent,!he!predicted!what!we!are!

all!carrying!today:!cell!phones.!!!

!

In! 1950,! Alan! Turing,! brought! great! insight! in! computer! science,! and! more!

specifically! in! the! formalization!of! the! concepts!of!algorithm! and! computation!

with! the! Turing! machine.! He! is! considered! to! be! the! father! of! theoretical!

computer!science!and!artificial!intelligence37.!!

!

Between! 1950! and! 1999,! revolutionary!systems!and! thinking!was!brought! to!

the! realm! of! communication! and! connected! things.! Home! computers! were!

introduced!in!the!second!half!of!the!20th!century,!and!its!enablers,!such!as!semi'

conductors!and!processors,!were!getting!smaller!and!smarter.! !In!the!beginning!

of!the!1990s,!the!world!wide!web!was!introduced!to!civilians.!Academia!started!

hacking!it,!and!came!up!with!innovative!projects!such!as!the!Internet!toaster!and!

the!Trojan!Room!Coffee!Pot.!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!36!Source:!http://www.morsetelegraphclub.org/ 37!Source:!!“Allan!Turing:!His!Work!and!Impact”,!S.!Barry!Cooper,!J.!van!Leeuwen!

!



1999! was! a! very! important! year! in! the! world! of! ubiquitous! computing.! The!

“Internet!of!Things”!was!coined!for!the!first!time!by!Kevin!Ashton!in!1999.!He!

was!working!for!Procter!&!Gamble,!and!in!an!interview!for!the!RFID!Journal!he!

said:! ! ! "I! could! be! wrong,! but! I'm! fairly! sure! the! phrase! "Internet! of! Things"!

started! life! as! the! title! of! a! presentation! I!made! at! Procter!&!Gamble! (P&G)! in!

1999.! Linking! the! new! idea! of! RFID! in! P&G's! supply! chain! to! the! then'red'hot!

topic!of!the!Internet!was!more!than!just!a!good!way!to!get!executive!attention.!It!

summed!up!an!important!insight!which!is!still!often!misunderstood."38!!

!

The!IoT!started!to!gain!momentum,!in!the!early!2000s,!as!it!hit!the!headlines!of!

several! international! news! agencies:! The! Guardian39,! Scientific! American40!and!

the!Boston!Globe41.!

!

In! 2005,! the! International! Telecommunication! Union,! United! Nations’!

specialized!agency!for!information!and!communication!technologies,!publishes!a!

report!about!the!IoT!–!“Anytime,!anyplace,!anything”!

%“The%next% logical% step% in% the% technological% revolution% connecting%people%anytime%

anywhere%is%to%connect%inanimate%objects.%This%is%the%vision%underlying%the%Internet%

of%things:%anytime,%anywhere%by%anyone%and%anything”%–%IUT,%November%2005%

%

It!is!only!in!2006!that!the!Internet!of! things! is! recognized!by! the!European!

Commission.!A!report!is!officially!submitted!at!a!conference!entitled!“From!RFID!

to! the! Internet! of! Things,! Pervasive! network! systems”! organized! by! DG!

Information!Media!and!Society!in!Brussels42.!!

!

In! 2008,! the! US! National! Intelligence! Council! states,! in! the! Disruptive! Civil!

Technologies!conference!report,!that!the!IoT!is!among!the!six!technologies!with!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!38!Source:!http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/4986!

39Source:!The!internet!of!things,!A!tiny!microchip!is!set!to!replace!the!barcode!on!all!retail!items!

but!opposition!is!growing!to!its!use.!The!Guardian,!Sean!Dodson,!October!9,!2003. 40!The!Internet!of!Things,!The!principles!that!gave!rise!to!the!Internet!are!now!leading!to!a!new!

kind!of!network!of!everyday!devices,!an!"Internet'0",!Scientific!American,!October!1,!2004.!41!Source:!“The!Internet!of!things,!Start'ups!jump!into!next!big!thing:!tiny!networked!chips”,!

Boston!Globe,!Robert!Weisman,!October!25,!2004.!42!Official!report!here:!ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/ist/docs/ka4/au_conf670306_buckley_en.pdf

!



potential!impacts!on!US!interests!out!to!202543.!

!

Between! 2008! and! 2009,! the! threshold! of! connecting! more! objects! to! the!

Internet! than!people! took!place.!The! Internet! of! Things! is! born,! claims!Cisco!

Internet!Business!Solutions!Group.!

!

Many!countries!have!started!to!put!in!effort!in!the!realm!of!the!IoT!as!it!is!

becoming!increasingly!strategic.!In!2010,!China!declared!its!interest!in!the!IoT!at!

the!China!IoT!Conference!in!Shanghai,!as!the!prime!minister!mentions!that!it!is!

one!of!the!key!industry!areas!for!China.!!

!

In! the! beginning! of! the! 2010s,! IoT! communities! grow! and! reach! a! certain!

maturity.!For!example,!the!Linkedin!group,!“Internet!of!Things”,!has!reached!its!

maximum!and!default!number!of!20!000!members.!Recently,!it!was!approved!to!

surpass!the!default!number!–!so!you!can!still!join!in44.!!

The! Meetup! community! has! reached! 3000! members! in! London,! 1500! in! San!

Francisco,!1100!in!Paris,!200'500!in!New!York,!Berlin!and!Singapore;!where!each!

Meetup!brings!about!100!to!200!participants.!

!

As!there!was!a!shortage!of!IPV4!addresses!available,!IPV6!was!created!in!2011!

in!order! to!cover! the! increasing!demand!of! IP!addresses.! In! the!same!year,! the!

term!Internet!of!Things!is!also!introduced!in!Gartner’s!hype!cycle..!!

Arduino!and!other!hardware!platforms!mature!and!make!the!Internet!of!Things!

accessible!to!DIY'er.!!!

!

In!March! 2014,! the! IIC,! Industrial! Internet! Consortium45,!was! founded!by! the!

biggest! information! technology! and! communication! players,! including! AT&T,!

Cisco,!GE,!Intel!and!IBM.!Their!mission!seems!the!same!as!the!Internet!of!Things!

Consortium46!'! “driving! adoption! of! IoT! products! &! services! through! curated!

networking,!consumer!research,!and!industry!education”.!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!43!View!the!full!document:!http://www.fas.org/irp/nic/disruptive.pdf!44!Linkedin!group:!click!here.!45!http://www.iiconsortium.org/about'us.htm!46!Created!back!in!January!2013!by!several!startups.!

!



!!!

Last! but! not! least,! Google! trends! shows! an! exponential! growth! of! the! term!

Internet!of!Things,!starting!from!August!2013!and!beyond47:!

!

Figure!4!–!Growth!of!the!search!term!“Internet!of!Things”!on!the!Internet,!Google!Trends!

! !

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!47!http://www.google.com/trends/explore#q=internet+of+things!

!



3. FUTURE!SOCIETY!!

The!Internet!of!Things!applications!will!increasingly!transform!individuals’!lives!

within! the! macro! and! micro! environment,! the! personal! and! professional!

environment!and!across!all!industries.!

!

Consumers!will!be!empowered!to!do!things!that!were!previously!infeasible.!They!

will!be!able!to!see!and!understand!things!they!didn’t!see!and!understand!before.!

They! will! be! able! to! take! wiser! decisions,! money! and! energy! savings! (smart!

meters),!reassure!themselves!(Sen.se)!and!even!better!manage!their!time!(your!

calendar! connected! to!your! to!do! list! and!other!meaningful! information).!They!

will! have! a! whole! new! relationship! with! the! physical! space.! Companies! and!

industries!will! develop! new! business!models,! improve! business! processes! and!

reduce!cost!and!risks,!hereby,!impacting!the!work!style!of!employees,!managers!

and!owners.!!

!

In!fact,!all!levels!of!society!'!nations!and!governments;!industries!and!businesses;!

cities!and!infrastructure;!citizens,!households,!consumers!and!individuals!–!will!

be!hit!by!pervasive!computing.!!

!

The!Internet!of!Things!is!still!at!a!nascent!point!where!its!plateau!of!productivity!

has!not!been!reached!in!order!to!largely!affect!mainstream!society.!According!to!

Gartner’s!Hype!Cycle!2013,!it!will!take!more!than!10!years!to!reach!this!stage.!!It!

is! not! until! we! reach! a!

certain! amount! of!

everyday! connected!

objects! per! person! that!

we! will! be! in! the! era! of!

Internet! of! Everything.!

Controversially,! some!

experts! say! that! we! have!

already!entered!this!time!Figure!5!'!Gartner’s!Hype!Cycle!2013!

!



period.!!

!

Research!director!at!Gartner,!Peter!Middleton,!commented!in!a!press!release!in!

December!2013:! !"By!2020,!component!costs!will!have!come!down!to!the!point!

that!connectivity!will!become!a!standard!feature,!even!for!processors!costing!less!

than!$1.!This!opens!up!the!possibility!of!connecting!just!about!anything,!from!the!

very!simple!to!the!very!complex,!to!offer!remote!control,!monitoring!and!sensing.!

The! fact! is,! that! today,!many! categories! of! connected! things! in! 2020! don't! yet!

exist.!As!product!designers!dream!up!ways! to!exploit! the! inherent!connectivity!

that! will! be! offered! in! intelligent! products,! we! expect! the! variety! of! devices!

offered!to!explode."!

!

With! the! effort! of! different! players,! such! as! policy! markers,! standard!

development! organizations,! national! research! centers,! service! providers,!

network!operators,!and!lead!users,!the!Internet!of!Things!is!bound!to!proliferate!

in!the!lives!of!billions!of!citizens.!!

!

Even! though! businesses,! researchers! and! experts! have! not! come! upon! a!

consensus,! market! opportunities! and! future! forecast! are! huge.! ! Trillions! of!

dollars!are!at!stake!within!the!next!years.!

SRI! Consulting! Business!

Intelligence48!have! prepared!

a! report! for! the!US!National!

Intelligence! Council! and!

stressed! that! “"by! 2025!

Internet!nodes!may!reside!in!

everyday! things! –! food!

packages,! furniture,! paper!

documents,! and! more.!

Today's! developments!

point!to!future!opportunities!and!risks!that!will!arise!when!people!can!remotely!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!48!SRI!CBI:!Strategic!Research!Institute!Consulting!Business!Intelligence.!

Technology!Reach!

Figure!6!–!Technology!Roadmap!of!the!IoT!Source:!SRI!consulting!Intelligence!

!



control,! locate,! and! monitor! even! the! most! mundane! devices! and! articles.!

Popular! demand! combined! with! technology! advances! could! drive! widespread!

diffusion! of! an! Internet! of! Things! (IoT)! that! could,! like! the! present! Internet,!

contribute!invaluably!to!economic!development!and!military!capability."!

!

Over! the!next!10! to!15!years,! the! Internet!of!Things! is! likely! to!proliferate!and!

shape! a!more! advanced! information! society! and! knowledge! economy,! but! the!

direction!and!pace!with!which!developments!will!occur!are!difficult!to!forecast.!

!

PREDICTIONS!!

STATISTICS!As!you!can!see!below,!predictions!from!experts!in!the!domain!vary.!However,!we!

can!agree!that!the!explosion!of!the!IoT!will!happen!in!the!next!few!years.!!

!

!!

!!

!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

2003!

!

!

!

2008!2009!

2013!

!

2015!

!

2020!

!

The! number! of! people! connected! to! the! Internet!was!much! higher!

than! the! number! of! things! connected! to! the! Internet.! World!

population!reached!6.3!billion!versus!500!million!connected!devices.!

(Cisco!IBSG,!2013)!

The!threshold! is!crossed.!More!things!than!people!are!connected!to!

the!Internet.!(Cisco!IBSG,!2011)!

10!billion!connected!devices.!(ABI!Research)!

6! billion! (Bosch),! 15! billion! (Intel)! to! 25! billion! (Cisco)! connected!!!

devices.!

26!billion!(Gartner)!to!50!billion!(Cisco)!connected!devices.!

!



WHAT!EXPERTS!ARE!SAYING!–!NUMBER!OF!CONNECTED!DEVICES!!

Cisco!IBSG!!

"There!will!be!25!billion!devices!connected!to!the!Internet!by!2015!and!50!billion!

by!2020.”!

!

ABI!Research!!

“There! are! more! than! 10! billion! wirelessly! connected! devices! in! the! market!

today;!with!over!30!billion!devices!expected!by!2020.”!!

!

Gartner!!

"The!Internet!of!Things!will!include!26!billion!units!installed!by!2020.!

!

Bosch!!!

“From!vehicles! and! smart!phones! to! containers! and!machines!–!by!2015!more!

than!6!billion!things!will!be!connected!to!the!internet.”!!

!

Intel!!

“15!billion!devices!will!be!communicating!over!the!network!by!the!year!2015"! !

!

Gartner/IDC!!

In! the!chart,!below,!you!can!notice!6! categories!of! connected!devices:!personal!

computers,! smartphones,! tablets,! Internet!of!Things!devices! (previously! “inert”!

and!mundane! objects),! smart! TVs! and!wearables.! Interestingly,! smart! TVs! and!

wearables!are!at!the!very!top,!followed!by!the!IoT!category.!

!



!

In!2020,!26!billion!units!of!connected!devices!will!be!installed,!excluding!PCs,!

tablets!and!smartphones.!In!contrast,!by!2020,!the!number!of!PCs,!smartphones!

and!tablets!in!use!will!reach!a!much!lower!rate:!7.3!billion!units.!!

!

WHAT!EXPERTS!ARE!SAYING!–!ECONOMIC!VALUE!OF!THE!IoT!!

Experts!agree!that!trillions!of!dollars!are!at!stake!in!the!next!few!years.!Let’s!see!

what!their!predictions!are.!!

!

McKinsey!Global!Institute!!"We!estimate!the!potential!economic!impact!of!the!Internet!of!Things!to!be!$2.7!

trillion! to! $6.2! trillion! per! year! by! 2025! through! use! in! a! half'dozen! major!

applications!that!we!have!sized.!!!

!

!

Figure!7!–!Number!of!Connected!Devices!Source:!Gartner!

!



!

IDC!!

“IoT! technology! and! services! spending! to! generate! global! revenues! of! $4.8!

trillion! in! 2012! and! $8.9! trillion! by! 2020,! growing! at! a! compound! annual! rate!

(CAGR)!of!7.9%.”!!

!

Gartner!!

“IoT!product!and!service!suppliers!will!generate!incremental!revenue!exceeding!

$300!billion,!mostly! in! services,! in! 2020.! It!will! result! in! $1.9! trillion! in! global!

economic!value'add!through!sales!into!diverse!end!markets."!

And,! “Economic! value'add! (which! represents! the! aggregate! benefits! that!

businesses!derive!through!the!sale!and!usage!of!IoT!technology)!is!forecast!to!be!

$1.9!trillion!across!sectors!in!2020.!The!verticals!that!are!leading!its!adoption!are!

manufacturing! (15! percent),! healthcare! (15! percent)! and! insurance! (11!

percent).”!

!

Cisco!IBSG!!

“The! IoE! Value! at! Stake! will! be! $14.4! trillion! for! companies! and! industries!

worldwide! in! the! next! decade.! More! specifically,! over! the! next! 10! years,! the!

Value!at!Stake!represents!an!opportunity!to!increase!global!corporate!profits!by!

about!21!percent.”!2011!

!

Harbor!!

“Service!Revenues!for!the!IoT!will!reach!$500!Billion!by!2018,!dwarfing!the!$33!

Billion!in!revenue!expected!from!devices!in!2018.”!!

!

! !

!



ENVIRONMENTAL!TRANSFORMATION!!

The!Internet!of!Things!is!the!first!real!evolution!of!the!Internet—a!leap!that!will!

lead! to! revolutionary! applications! that! have! the! potential! to! dramatically!

improve!the!way!people!live,! learn,!work,!and!entertain!themselves.!It!is!such!a!

sweeping!concept!that!it!is!a!challenge!to!list!all!the!possible!ways!in!which!it!will!

impact!society.!

!

For! the! first! time,!computing!systems!are!now!able! to!collect!data! from!almost!

anything,! allowing!us! to!monitor! the!well'being! and!performance!of!machines,!

devices,!things,!land!and!even!individuals.!!!

!

In! the! following! pages,! we! will! study! how! healthcare,! home! automation,!

transportation! and! mobility,! real! estate! and! infrastructures,! and! city!

management!will!be!transformed;!ultimately!affecting!each!one!of!us.!!

!

!

!Figure!8!–!How!markets!will!be!affected!Source:!Postscape!and!Harbor!Research!

!

!



!

Healthcare!and!the!Quantified!Self!

A!category!of!emerging!IoT'enabled!services!is!aimed!at!helping!people!monitor!

their! own! physical! state:! the! “quantified! self”.! It! allows! consumers! to! become!

highly! involved! in! their! healthcare! by! using! devices! for! monitoring! health!

conditions! such! as! blood! pressure! and! maintaining! a! continuous! record! of!

physical!activity.!In!2020,!about!360!million!devices!pertaining!to!the!quantified!

self!are!expected!to!be!connected49.!!!

!

Nike+,!FuelBand,!Fitbit,!and!Jawbone!are!wearable!sensors!that!are!designed!to!

continuously! record! physical! activity;! some! devices! can! even! monitor! sleep!

patterns.!!

!

When!combined!with!medical!sensors!like!the!Proteus!ingestible!sensors,!which!

can!relay! information!via!smartphone!to!a!physician,! these!systems!promise! to!

provide!a!new!level!of!health!and!disease!management!that!could!generate!more!

continuous! data! to! help! consumers! better! manage! their! own! health50,! and!

empower!doctors!to!diagnose!and!determine!the!causes!of!certain!diseases.!!

!

Therefore,! with! the! miniaturization! of! the! IoT! we! are! expanding! into! places!

where!until!now!have!been!unreachable.!It!will!change!the!relationship!between!

doctors!and!patients!and!give!new!information!and!insight!about!our!body.!It!will!

make! health!monitoring,! diagnostics! and! treatment!more! personalized,! timely!

and!convenient,!while!also!lowering!costs!for!people,!hospitals!and!the!country’s!

social!security.!!

!

Households!

Homes!and!individuals’!daily!life!will!be!impacted.!In!fact,!the!Internet!of!Things!

will!affect!our!behavior,!as!our!relationship!with! the!physical!environment!will!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!49!Source:!Harbor!Research,!Growth!Strategy!for!The!Internet!of!Things.!50!Source:!!Ten!IT'enabled!business!trends!for!the!decade!ahead,!McKinsey!Global!Institute,!May!

2013.!

!



evolve.! In!2020,!nearly!4!billion!devices!at!home!are!expected! to!be!connected!

(excluding!mobile!phones)51.!!

!

Future! homes!will! be! equipped!with! a!multitude! of! connected!devices! such! as!

light! bulbs,! pet! feeding,! irrigation! controllers,! smoke! alarms,! refrigerators,!

infotainment,! washers! and! dryers,! stoves! and! energy! monitoring.! These!

connected! things! will! most! probably! be! wirelessly! connected! to! your!

smartphone!(and!other!media!of!the!future).!They!will! interact!with!each!other!

to! alert! you,! advise! you! and!make! smart! decisions,! to!make! your! life! less! of! a!

hassle!and!more!comfortable,!and!helping!you!to!see!and!understand!things!you!

never!managed!to!do!before.!!

!

For!example,!smart!meters!have!the!capability!to!communicate!with!your!smart!

appliances! and! the! general! grid.! This! in! return! will! allow! each! household! to!

activate!their!appliances!at!the!best!time!in!the!day/night!in!order!to!get!cheaper!

electricity,!consume!more!efficiently!and!make!energy!savings.!This!phenomenon!

has!already!started.!In!the!United!States,! it! is!estimated!that!the!smart!grid!can!

increase! efficiency! by! 9%! by! 2030.! This! is! equivalent! to! 400! billion! kilowatt'

hours!or!$42!billion!dollars!savings!each!year.52!!

!

With! Sense! Mother53,! you! will! be! able! to! make! your! daily! life! more! serene,!

healthy!and!pleasurable.!It!will!intuitively!assist!you!in!your!everyday!life!–!such!

as! staying! fit,! taking! your!medication! on! time,! knowing! that! your! son! is! back!

home!safe,!and!looking!after!your!family’s!well'being54.!!

!

Transportation!and!Mobility!

Transportation! and! Mobility! will! see! the! number! of! connected! devices!

substantially! grow.! In! 2020,! nearly! 400! million! connected! devices! in!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!51!Source:!Harbor!Research,!Growth!Strategy!for!The!Internet!of!Things.!52!Source:!Smart!Grid:!Where!Power!is!Going,!by!the!Smart!Grid!Consumer!Collaborative!

Organization.!53!www.sen.se!54!You!can!watch!the!explanatory!video!here:!http://vimeo.com/80887929!

!



transportation! will! be! connected55.! ! This! concerns! traffic! routing,! telematics,!

package! monitoring,! smart! parking,! insurance! adjustments,! shipping,! public!

transport,! airlines,! trains! and! much! more.! Consumer! experience! will! hence!

completely!change.!!

!

You!will!be!able!to!know!if!your!delivered!package!was!damaged!during!delivery.!

Waiting!time!for!buses,!trains!and!airplanes!will!be!provided!to!you!in!real!time!

via!your!smartphone!or!digital!screens.!Smart!parking!–!an!emerging!technology!

in!private!parking!lots!and!cities!–!allows!people!to!find!parking!space!instantly.!

These! few! examples! illustrate! well! how! citizens’! life! is! made! easier.!

Transportation!will!play!a!big!role!in!the!future!of!smart!cities.!!

!

Buildings!and!Infrastructures!

This!another!field!which!will!highly!evolve!in!the!next!few!years.!In!2020,!nearly!

2! billion! objects! in! buildings! and! infrastructures! will! be! connected 56 .!!

Things/equipment! in! buildings! and! infrastructures! will! be! connected! to! the!

Intranet! to! serve! people! in! their! workspace! for! example.! The! connection! of!

things! will! create! a! smart! network,! which! will! in! return! create! operational!

efficiencies,!reduce!energy!consumption,!improve!occupant!experiences!(DAS!to!

security)!and!achieve!sustainability!goals.!

!

Real!estate!businesses!have!already!taken! interest! in!the! following!connectable!

equipment:! heating,! ventilation,! air'conditioning,! lighting,! electrical,! transit,!

emergency!alerts,!structural!integrity,!occupancy!and!energy!credits.!

!

It! is! important! to! underline! that! cloud! hosted! data!management! and! analytics!

software! will! help! make! sense! of! all! data! received! from! each!

things/equipment/machines.! Facility! managers! will! be! empowered! to! take!

meaningful!and!efficient!decisions!if!needed.!For!example,!smart!buildings!utilize!

monitoring!devices!that!track!usage!and!empower!users!and!service!providers!to!

better!control!and!reduce!electricity!demand.!Panaptix,!an!emerging!IoT'enabled!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!55!Source:!Harbor!Research,!Growth!Strategy!for!The!Internet!of!Things.!!56!Source:!Harbor!Research,!Growth!Strategy!for!The!Internet!of!Things.!

!



service,!will!interconnect!units!of!equipment!which!will!work!together!to!find!the!

most! efficient! way! to! heat! or! cool! a! facility! without! human! intervention.!

Machines!will!diagnose!their!own!need!for!maintenance,!which!will!be!scheduled!

automatically.57!!

!

Thereupon,! the! experience!within! buildings!will! be!more! pleasurable! for! each!

individual.!!

!

Cities!!

Since!2010,!more!than!half!of!the!worldwide!population!lives!in!a!city.!By!2030,!6!

out! of! every! 10! people! will! live! in! a! city,! and! by! 2050,! this! proportion! will!

increase!to!7!out!of!10!people.58!In!addition,!it!is!estimated!that!cities!use!60%!to!

80%!of!the!world’s!annual!energy!needs.!!

!

As!cities!are!becoming!overpopulated,!city!councils!have!encountered!more!and!

more! challenges! and! problems! where! ultimately! citizens’! well'being! is!

compromised.! ! Implementing! smart! devices! all! over! the! city! to! build! an!

interconnected! system!of! systems!will! help! cities! and!municipalities! to! reduce!

their!environmental! impact,!promote!security,!make!cost!savings,!offer!citizens!

better!lives59!and!become!more!competitive.!In!2020,!about!1.5!billion!connected!

devices!will!be!shipped!to!make!cities!smarter60.!!

!

With! the! aggregation! of! low! power! sensors,! wireless! networks! and! citizen!

engagement! through! web! and! mobile'based! applications,! smart! cities! will!

proliferate!and!are!bound!to!become!smarter!and!more!efficient.!!

!

In!short,!smarter!cities!will!trigger:!

• Better! planning! and! management! for! government! and! agency!

administration,! for! urban! planning! and! for! public! and! environmental!

safety.!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!57!Source:!Sensors,!Buildings!and!the!Coming!Internet!of!Things,!Johnson!Controls!58!Source:!Urban!Population!Growth,!World!Health!Organization!59!What!are!smart!cities?!,!Smart!Cities!and!Communities!60!Source:!Harbor!Research,!Growth!Strategy!for!The!Internet!of!Things.!

!



• Enhanced!wellbeing!in!social!programs,!healthcare!and!education.!

• Better! management! of! infrastructures! through! transportation,! energy,!

water!and!environmental!issues.!61!

!

Below!is!an!illustration!of!a!few!existing!IoT!enabled!services:!!

!Figure!9!–!Smart!City!Source:!Lubelium!Smart!World!

!

Today,!the!real!challenge!is!to!connect!all!of!these!devices!in!a!single!network!to!

create!collective!intelligence.!!

!

COMPOUND!APPLICATIONS!!

We’ve!talked!about!how!different! industries!will! impact!the! life!of!millions!and!

even!billions!of!people!with!pervasive!computing.!But! these!smart!systems!are!

specific!to!each!industry!and!are!not!fully!capable!of!communicating!and!taking!

action!across!different!industries!to!better!serve!consumers.!!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!61!Source:!What!is!a!smart!city,!IBM!!

!



This! is!when! the!world! of! compound! applications! becomes! interesting! for! our!

society.! When! different! applications! across! several! industries! may! utilize! the!

same!data!and!information!from!one!or!several!nodes,!we!will!create! insightful!

services! for! consumers.! With! the! correct! cloud! platform! and! seamless!

interoperability! of! all! nodes,! we! will! leverage! collective! intelligence;! and!

therefore!offer!exceptional!services!to!society.!!

!

Below!are!examples!of!how!compound!applications!may!work!out!very!well!for!

our!society.!!

!

Transportation!+!Smart!Cities!

It!is!well!know!that!people!spend!a!lot!of!time!looking!for!a!parking!spot!in!cities.!!

For! example,! the!Municipal! Transportation! Agency! of! San! Francisco! estimates!

that! 20%! to! 30%!of! all! traffic! jams! in! downtown! San! Francisco! are! caused! by!

people!hunting! for! a!parking! spot.! Sometimes,! it! can! take!up! to!15!minutes!or!

even!more!to! find!a!parking!spot,! leading!to!great! frustration,! inefficient!use!of!

fuel!and!often!creating!tardiness!in!arrival!times!for!appointments!and!meetings.!!

In! addition,! we! hardly! find! the! time! to! successfully! manage! our!

professional/personal!projects!and!to!dos!on!a!daily!basis.!!!!

!

Here,! is!an!example!of!how! IoT'enabled!services!may!solve! this!problem!using!

compound!applications:!

Greg!and!his!daughter!Chloe!are!on!their!way!to!downtown!San!Francisco!for!a!

tennis!practice.!Wireless!sensors!embedded!in!parking!spaces!help!direct!the!car!

to! the! vacant! spot! in! the! neighborhood! whilst! also! initiating! the! parking! fee,!

payable!on!their!smartphone.! !On!top!of!that,! if!any!mechanical!problem!arises,!

using! the! car’s! parking! details,! Greg’s! smart! vehicle! will! schedule! a! mobile!

mechanic!to!fix!the!car!while!the!family!is!at!the!tennis!practice.!!

!

Healthcare!+!Smart!Homes!

According!to!the!Administration!for!Community!Living!of!the!US!Department!of!

Health!and!Human!Services,!40!million!adults,! aged!65!and!over,!will! be! living!

alone!in!Europe,!Canada!and!the!US.!

!



Today,!millions!of! families!are!anxious!about! the!wellbeing!of! their! loved!ones.!

With!IoT'enabled!services,!the!problem!may!be!solved:!!

Aunty! Nathalie! is! aging! and! is! still! living! isolated! at! her! home.! Her! family! is!

worried!about!Aunty!Nathalie’s!safety!and!health!as!they!have!had!no!news!for!a!

few!days!now.!Wireless!sensors!installed!in!her!house!will!help!measure!health!

activity! levels,!medication!schedules!and!sleeping!patterns.! If!anything!unusual!

happens,! a! notification! is! automatically! sent! to! authorized! family!members! or!

health!care!services.!!

!

Retailing!+!agriculture!+!government!

Emmanuelle!and!her!sons!Greg!and!Max!are!heading!to!the!grocery!store!to!refill!

the!family’s!fridge.!Using!packaging!with!printed!sensors!and!their!smartphone,!

the!mother!can!make!sure!the!pork!they!are!purchasing!has!not!reached!unsafe!

temperature!levels!in!the!supply!chain.!!

!

Interestingly,! the! package! can! also! be! tagged! to! bring! up! the! pig’s! history62!'!

where!it!was!raised,!what!was!fed,!where!it!was!slaughtered!and!packaged,!how!

it!was!transported!and!the!last!time!it!was!inspected.!!

!

Two! days! later,! the! US! department! of! Agriculture! determines! that! the! pork,!

originating!from!a!regional!farm!and!sold!in!the!same!store!where!Emmanuelle!

habitually! goes,! is! contaminated! with! swine! flu.! All! packages! from! the! farm’s!

distributor!change! their!color!and!notifications!are!sent! to! those!shoppers! that!

may!have!been!impacted63.!!

!

Home!+!Work!+!City!Management!+!Transportation!!

The!following!is!another!brilliant!illustration!of!how!every!individual!will!be!able!

to!manage!and!take!better!control!of!their!day:!

Max!works!and! travels! a! lot.!Today,!his! alarm!clock!woke!him!up!half! an!hour!

later.!In!the!kitchen,!the!coffee!maker!automatically!turns!on,!as!a!signal!is!sent!

from! his! smartphone.! Likewise,! Max’s! car! starts! to! melt! the! ice! which! was!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!62!A!Dutch!startup!–!Sparked!'!is!using!wireless!sensors!on!cows!to!monitor!its!health.!!63!Source:!Harbor!Research!

!



formed! by! the! cold! winter! night.! As! he! walks! in! the! house! and! heads! to! the!

kitchen,!motion!sensors!turn!lights!on!and!off.!It!is!very!convenient!for!Max!as!he!

no! longer! needs! to!worry! about! energy! and!money! savings.! Finally,! as! he! sits!

down!next!to!the!dining!table,!he!discovers!on!his!smartphone!why!he!was!able!

to!oversleep!30!minutes.!!

In!fact,!his!meeting!was!pushed!back!40!minutes;!his!car!knows!it!will!need!to!fill!

up!the!gas!tank!to!make!it!to!the!airport!'!10!minutes!are!needed!for!the!fill!up;!

there!is!an!accident!on!his!driving!route,!causing!a!20!minute!detour;!and!finally!

his!flight!is!delayed!–!20!minutes!more.!

!

These! few! examples! among! many! other! possible! examples! illustrate! how!

collective! intelligence! will! progressively! transform! society! within! the! next!

decade.!!In!the!near!future,!hundreds!of!millions,!then!billions!of!individuals!and!

businesses! with! billions,! then! trillions,! of! IoT! technologies! will! expand! the!

boundaries!of!our!current!system!to!new!horizons.!!

!!“If we can harvest the Big Data insights from all of the things connected to the Internet we can more precisely understand how our world actually works. By making Internet of Things application development easier, the answers to the grand challenges of our age becomes more feasible.” Thorsten Kramp, Computer Scientist at IBM Research! !

!



4. CONCLUSION!!

The!process!of!connecting!things!through!a!virtual!network!is!not!a!novelty,!and!

has! been! exploited! for! some! time! now,! but! still! to! a! very! limited! extent.! Yet,!

technology! has! evolved! enough! to! permit! the! realization! of! the! intelligent!

communication!of! things!on!a!much! larger!scale,!physically!and!geographically,!

which!has!implications!that!are!hard!to!foresee!accurately.!!

!

As! data! and! information! is! proliferating! with! the! development! of! smarter,!

smaller,! cheaper! and! connected! technologies,! we! are! entering! a! knowledge'

based! economy!where! information! and! knowledge! are! now! recognized! as! the!

drivers! of! productivity! and! economic! growth! in! a! continuously! challenging!

world.!!

!

Increasingly,!a!large!number!of!companies!are!investing!in!the!Internet!of!Things!

infrastructure!and!applications!to!promote!innovation!and!new!business!models!

and!processes,!and!hereby!driving!its!commercialization!to!the!mass!market.!!

!

Looking! back! at! how! the! Internet! has! drastically! reshaped! our! world,! the!

Internet!of!Things! is!bringing!a!new!level!of!evolution!to!nations,! industries,!as!

well!as!to!professional!and!personal!life.!Gradually,!our!electronic!environment,!

both!at!a!macro!and!micro!level,!will!transform!individuals’!lives,!consciously!or!

unconsciously.!!

!

Income!inequality,!overpopulation!of!cities,!global!warming!and!the!limitation!of!

our! planet’s! natural! resources! are! a! growing! concern! to! humanity.! As! our!

environment!will!grow!artificially!smarter,!we!will!create!a!new!sort!of!sensory!

planetary! awareness! and! responsiveness,! we! will! be! empowered! to! better!

understand! how! our! planet! works,! to! ultimately! solve! these! challenges,!

efficiently!and!wisely.!!

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But! a! long! path! awaits! us! to! reach! such! a! level! of!wisdom,! as! there! are!many!

concerns!to!be!addressed!in!regard!to!the!Internet!of!Things,!most!importantly,!

the!well!being,!security!and!privacy!of!every!human!being.!!We!need!to!remain!

conscious!of!the!impact!of!this!rising!technology!on!the!whole!planet!and!not!just!

at!what!seems!to!make!our!western!lives!easier!and!more!productive.!We!should!

remain!attentive!of!its!future!development!so!that!the!stability!and!well!being!of!

our!ecosystem!is!preserved!and!even!bettered.!

!

All! in! all,! it! is! of! utmost! importance! to! keep! the! Internet! of! Things! in! a! free!

market,!and!with!the!full!collaboration!and!goodwill!of!all!businesses,!industries,!

organizations,!academia,! institutions,!governments!and!citizens.!Today,! it! is! the!

perfect! time! for! policy! makers! to! rethink! the! way! they! address! information!

technology!affairs!to!embrace!the!dawn!of!a!disruptive64!technological!revolution!

that!will!affect!each!and!every!one!of!us.!!!!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!64!Innovation!and!disruption!are!similar!in!that!they!are!both!makers!and!builders.!Disruption!

takes!a!left!turn!by!literally!uprooting!and!changing!how!we!think,!behave,!do!business,!learn!and!

go!about!our!day'to'day!(Source:!Forbes).!Harvard!Business!School!professor!and!disruption!

guru!Clayton!Christensen!says!that!a!disruption!displaces!an!existing!market,!industry,!or!

technology!and!produces!something!new!and!more!efficient!and!worthwhile.!It!is!at!once!

destructive!and!creative.!

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APPENDIX!!

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Table!1!'!What!is!a!zettabyte?!!

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Table!2!'!List!of!tagging/communication!technologies!

!Source:!Harbor!Research!and!Postscapes!

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!Table!3!–!The!Internet!of!Things!Landscape!

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Table!4!'!Resource!kit!!

In!case!anyone!desires!to!continue!reading!about!the!Internet!of!Things,!here!is!a!

list!of!interesting!websites.!

If!you!are!unable!to!open!the!provided!links!(compatibility!problem:!Microsoft!vs!

Mac),[email protected].!!

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!Media!websites! Link!Business!week! Internet!of!Things!

Forbes! Internet!of!Things!

Venture!Beat! Internet!of!Things!

Wired! Internet!of!Things!

Wall!Street!Journal! Internet!of!Things!

!Consultants/Vendor!websites! Link!Harbor!Research! Website!

Postcapes! Website!

Intel! Simplifying!the!Internet!of!Things!!

IBM! The!Internet!of!Things!(video)!

Miscrosoft! Building!the!Internet!of!Things!!

Cisco!! Internet!of!Everything!

!Social!Communities! Link!Linkedin! Internet!of!Things!

Google!+!! Internet!of!Things!

Pinterest! Internet!of!Things!

Twitter! #IoT!

Tumblr! Internet!of!Things!


Youtube! Internet!of!Things!Playlists!

Tumblr! Internet!of!Things!


Meetup!Paris! Internet!of!Things!!

Meetup!London! Internet!of!Things!

Meetup!Bengalore! Internet!of!Things!

Meetup!NewVYork! Internet!of!Things!

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Analyst!websites! Link!ABI!Research! ! Internet!of!Things!

ABI!Research! Wireless!Sensor!Networks!

Forrester! Internet!of!Things!

Forrester! Sensor!

Gartner! Internet!of!Things!

Forrester! Internet!of!Things!Blog!Posts!!

IDC! Internet!of!Things!

IDC! M2M!!

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IoT!devices! Link!HAPIFork! http://hapifork.com/!

CubeSensors! http://cubesensors.com/!

Tagg!Pet!Tracker! http://tagg.com/!

Fitbit! http://fitbit.com/!

Garmin!Forerunner!Watches!https://buy.garmin.com/en'US/US/cIntoSports'

cRunning'p1.html!

Tile! http://thetileapp.com/!

Withings! http://withings.com!

!DIY! Link!Make!Magazine! http://makezine.com/!

Arduino! http://www.arduino.cc/!

Netduino! http://www.netduino.com/!

Beagle!Board! http://beagleboard.org/!

Raspberry!Pi! http://www.raspberrypi.org/!

SparkFun! http://sparkfun.com/!

Adafruit! http://adafruit.com/!

Parallax! http://parallax.com/!

Tindie! http://www.tindie.com/!

Makerbot! http://makerbot.com/!

Maker!Place,!San!Diego! http://makerplace.com/!

MQTT! http://mqtt.org/!!

Other!websites! Link!Internet!of!Things!Consortium! http://iofthings.org/!

Industrial!Internet!Consortium! http://www.iiconsortium.org/!

International!Telecommunication!Union!! http://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx!

Crunchwear! http://www.crunchwear.com!

Andy!Standford!Clark's!TEDx!Warwick!"Innovation!Begins!at!Home"! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9nrm8q5eGg!

FundAGeek! http://fundageek.com/!

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MAJOR!REFERENCES!!In!this!paper,!all!references!were!added!as!footnotes.!However,!I!have!included!

this!section!so!you!can!see!the!books!and!papers!which!have!mostly!inspired!me.!!

!• “The!Internet!of!Things,!How!the!Next!Evolution!of!the!Internet!Is!Changing!

Everything,”!Cisco!IBSG,!2011.!

!

• “Vision!and!Challenges!for!Realizing!the!Internet!of!Things,”!CERP'IoT,!2010.!

!

• “Disruptive!technologies!that!will!transform!life,!business!and!the!global!

economy,”!McKinsey!Global!Institute,!2013.!

!

• “The!Internet!of!Everything!'!How!devices,!data!networks!and!the!cloud!are!

changing!our!world,”!Bret!Stateham,!Microsoft!Technical!Evangelist,!2013.!

!

• “Les!Petits!dejeuners!du!marketing!Mobile!//!De!l’internet!des!objets!à!l’internet!

des!produits,”!Mobile!Marketing!Association!and!User!ID,!France,!2013.!

!

• “Internet!of!Things:!Trends!to!Watch!in!2014,”!Horizonwatching,!Bill!

Chamberlin,!2014!