Introduction to Android Environment

Introduction to Android EnvironmentBy

Ankita Gahoi

Agenda..

What is Android? Introducing to Open Handset Alliance. Understanding Android software stack What is Dalvik virtual machine? Different version of Android OS. Prominent instruments of Android Environment. Android Environment programming. How Android manages memory. Compare – what all app have been developed. Android market How is the Android environment growing.

What is Android?

A mobile operating system initially developed by Android Inc, a firm acquired by Google in 2005.

Android- software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating

system, middle-ware, and key applications.

Based on the Linux kernel

Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated to develop and release Android to the world.

Unveiling of the Android platform was announced on 5 November 2007 with the founding of OHA

First device working on Android OS was HTC G1(Dream) which was launched on October 22nd 2008.

What is the Open Handset Alliance (OHA)?

→ It's a collaboration of several companies.Its a group of 79 hardware,software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.

Android software stack

Architecture

Linux Kernel

Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the softwarestack. It helps to manage security, memory management, process management, network stack and other important issues.

Libraries

In the next level there are a set of native libraries written in C/C++, which are responsible for stable performance of various components.

Media framework → Gives libraries for all media and static image files.

Free Type → provides all bitmaps and vector fonts.

Sqlite → Data storage

Architecture

Application Framework

After that, there is Application Framework, written in Java language. It is a tool kit that all applications use, ones which come with mobile device like Contacts or SMS box, or applications written by Google and any Android developer. It has several components.

Application Layer

At the top of Android Architecture we have all the applications, which are used by the final user. By installing different applications, the user can turn his mobile phone into the unique, optimized and smart mobile phone. All applications are written using the Java programming language.

Dalvik virtual machine

Dalvik is the process virtual machine (VM) in Google's Android operating system.

Before execution, Android applications are converted into the compact Dalvik Executable (.dex) format, which is designed to be suitable for systems that are constrained in terms of memory and processor speed.

Dalvik, like the rest of Android, is open-source software. It was originally written by Dan Bornstein, who named it after the fishing village of Dalvík in Iceland.

Dalvik has been designed so that a device can run multiple instances of the VM efficiently.

Different versions of Android OS

Android 1.5

Code Name: Cupcake

Release Date: 30 April 2009

Major Features:

Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the phone

New widgets and folders that can populate the Home screens Bluetooth A2DP support Ability to record and watch videos through camcorder mode A new soft-keyboard with text-prediction. Animated screen transitions.


Android 1.6

Code Name: Donut

Release Date: 15 September 2009

Major Features: An integrated camera, camcorder, and gallery interface Gallery now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion Updated Voice Search, with faster response and deeper integration with native

applications, including the ability to dial contacts Updated search experience to allow searching bookmarks, history, contacts, and the

web from the home screen. Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a text-to-speech

engine. Support for WVGA screen resolutions. Speed improvements in searching and camera applications. Gesture framework and GestureBuilder development tool. Google free turn-by-turn navigation.


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Android 2.1

Code Name: Eclair

Release Date: 26 October 2009

Major Features:

Optimized hardware speed Support for more screen sizes and resolutions New Browser UI and HTML5 support New Contacts List Microsoft Exchange support MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events Bluetooth 2.1 Improved Google Maps 3.1.2 Built in flash support for Camera Digital Zoom Live Wallpapers


Android 2.2

Code Name: Froyo

Release Date: 20 May 2010

Major Features:

Android OS speed, memory, and performance optimizations Application speed improvements courtesy of JIT implementation Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application Increased Microsoft Exchange support (security policies, auto-discovery,

GAL look-up, calendar synchronization, remote wipe) Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser

applications


Android 2.2(Continued....)

Code Name: Froyo

Release Date: 20 May 2010

Major Features:

USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality Updated Market application with batch and automatic update features Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their dictionaries Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth Browser can now display animated GIFs Support for installing applications to the expandable memory Adobe Flash 10.1 support


Android 2.3

Code Name: Gingerbread

Release Date: 2 Feb 2011

Major Features:

Support for WebM video playback Support for Near Field Communication(NFC)


Android 2.4

Code Name: Icecream sandwitch

Release Date: Upcoming Version

Major Features:

UI inspiration from Honeycomb for Phone form factor Gaming improvements Cloud Music Tight Cloud integration to backup apps, app data, preferences.

Prominent instruments of Android Environment

Setting up the Java managed code Android environment on Windows is straight forward, involving the following four steps:

Install the Java SE Development Kit .This is a standard Windows installer file, follow the on screen instructions for installation.

Install the Eclipse IDE for Java Developers from .

Install the Android SDK according to OS. Install the ADT Plug-in for Eclipse as described here.

To verify your installation of Eclipse, Android SDK, ADT, and Java, you can build a sample “Hello World” application using the instructions located here: http://developer.android.com/guide/tutorials/hello-world.html. You can single step the Java code or let it run freely to display the “Hello World” message on the Android emulator screen.

Programming

Android Applications are written in Java

package com.google.android.helloactivity;

import android.app.Activity;import android.os.Bundle;

public class HelloActivity extends Activity { public HelloActivity() { }@Override public void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle); setContentView(R.layout.hello_activity); }

Android applications are compiled to Dalvik bytecode

Linux OS Linux OS

Loaded into Dalvik VMLoaded into Dalvik VM

Transformed to Dalvik bytecodeTransformed to Dalvik bytecode

Compiled in JavaCompiled in Java

Write app in JavaWrite app in Java

Android emulators

How Android manages memory?

Android’s process and memory management is a little unusual. Like Java and .NET, Android uses its own run time and virtual machine to manage application memory.

Each Android application runs in a separate process within its own Dalvik instance.

Android manages opened applications which are running in the background, so officially you shouldn’t care about that.

Compare-what all app have been developed.

In Compare,We have 8 android applications in different fields live in android Market -

TwitSnaps

Twitsnaps is a photo sharing application.It allows you to tweet your snaps and share with your friends on twitter.You can also use features of twitter like view timelines,RT,DM and more.

DGreetings

Android application for DGreetings now comes with a host of services to make E-CARD sharing from mobile device a convenient experience. No matter where you are, the DGreetings application allows you to stay in touch with your close ones by sending e-cards through your mail. Browse through exclusive e-card templates according to special events and categories. Create an e-card by writing your own quotes and lyrics.

MapsOfIndia Quiz

you can play India Quiz in all phones with Android Operating Systems. You will get questions on Indian History, Indian cities, Indian culture, India and neighbors, Music, Indian Sports and much more. The quiz is divided into 3 levels. Easy level, Medium level and Tough level.

Visiting card

Visiting Card Application allows to create your Business and Personal card by selecting your card background and images. It allows you to edit,delete,send via email and MMS and print your card. You can also update your background and images. You can search your card by:name,email and phone number.

File Explorer

File Explorer Lite is an application that helps you to manage your android phone and Sdcard. You can Copy, Paste, Cut, Zip/Unzip, Search, Bookmark your files and folders. You can add folders and send your file via Blue tooth and Email. This application also installs the .apk files in your android mobile.

You can also open text, image, audio ,video, .html , .xml, and .zip files through File Explorer Lite.

Appointment maker

Appointment Maker helps to schedule and manage all you appointments in a better way. It allows you to create,edit,delete and send appointments. You can search for appointments by:date,place and priorityand find the distance between current and destination location of appointment on map. It also allows you to set reminder for your appointments.

Headlines India

News Now! Stay current on the latest news with Headlines.mapsofindia mobile news app. Receive freshest collection of top headlines, latest news on business, education, and entertainment happening in India and world.

Android Market

You can publish your application and allow users to install it any way you choose, including from your own web server or from Android market.

Android Market is a service that makes it easy for users to find and download Android applications to their Android-powered devices.

To publish your application on Android Market, you first need to register with the service using a Google account and agree to the terms of service. Once you are registered, you can upload your application to the service whenever you want, update it as many times as you want, and then publish it when you are ready. Once published, users can see your application, download it, and rate it.

If you plan to publish your application on Android Market, you must make sure that it meets the requirements listed below, which are enforced by the Market server when you upload the application-

1)Application must be signed.

2)must define both version code and version name.

3)must define android icon and lebel.

How is Android environment growing?

Google's Android was expected Google's Android was expected to become the world's second most-to become the world's second most-used smart phone OS by 2012, used smart phone OS by 2012, after the Symbian OS. after the Symbian OS.

5 months ago 200,000 Android 5 months ago 200,000 Android devices were activated each day. devices were activated each day. Today, it’s 350,000 per day. In fact Today, it’s 350,000 per day. In fact for every baby born in the U.S. each for every baby born in the U.S. each day, 30 Android devices are day, 30 Android devices are activated.activated.

Now Android OS is running on Now Android OS is running on several no of devices .several no of devices .

Devices Running Android OS

Mobile Phones

Phones like HTC G1, HTC Desire, Samsung Galaxy S, Sony Ericsson Xperia X10, Samsung Galaxy S etc.

Tablet Computers

Tablets computers like Dell Streak, Notion Ink Adam, Quanta.


Dell Streak A tablet computer by

Dell, running on Android 2.2

Fast 1GHz Snapdragon ARM-based mobile processor from Qualcomm

A sharp 5-inch capacitive multi-touch WVGA (800x480)


Olive PadA tablet computer by Olive

7” Capacitive Touch screen

Running on Android 2.2(Froyo)



Even Washing machine and oven runs on Android !

Distribution in different versions

Android 1.5 - 2.3%Android 1.6 - 3.0%Android 2.1 - 24.5%Android 2.2 - 65.9%Android 2.3 - 1.0%Android 2.3.3 - 3.0%Android 3.0 - 0.3%

Technology

Introduction to Android Environment