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19th November 2008
Introduction to Accelerated Carbonation Carbonation
Robert WilliamsRobert Williams
Carbon8 SystemsCarbon8 Systems Ltd Ltd
www.c8s.co.ukwww.c8s.co.uk
Objectives:Objectives:
- to use CO- to use CO22 gas as a resource gas as a resource
- to utilise the latent reactivity of industrial - to utilise the latent reactivity of industrial wastes (and soil) to COwastes (and soil) to CO22 for the: for the:
1) pre-treatment of landfill waste1) pre-treatment of landfill waste
2) diversion of landfill waste via the2) diversion of landfill waste via the production of engineering materials production of engineering materials
3) manufacture of specialist products3) manufacture of specialist products
Drivers:Drivers:
- Landfill directive- Landfill directive
- Sustainable waste management - Sustainable waste management
- Reduction in CO - Reduction in CO22 emissions emissions
- Diminishing aggregate resources - Diminishing aggregate resources
- Recycling of contaminated land - Recycling of contaminated land
History:History:
7000 B.C7000 B.C First lime mortars usedFirst lime mortars used
27 B.C.27 B.C. [[VitruviusVitruvius] writes at length about the conditioning of lime ] writes at length about the conditioning of lime mortars (The 10 books of architecture)mortars (The 10 books of architecture)
79 79 [[PlinyPliny] further explores conditioning of lime mortars] further explores conditioning of lime mortars
1870 1870 Setting accelerated by raised COSetting accelerated by raised CO22 level in curing level in curing environmentenvironment
1925 1925 [[FullerFuller] conditioned fresh cement with CO] conditioned fresh cement with CO22
1970’s1970’s [[Berger et alBerger et al.] carbonated calcium silicate materials.] carbonated calcium silicate materials
1980’s1980’s [[RedlandRedland] accelerated curing of roof tiles] accelerated curing of roof tiles
DCR treatment for contaminated soil (organics)DCR treatment for contaminated soil (organics)
1990’s1990’s [[JonesJones] used of super critical CO] used of super critical CO22 (SCCO (SCCO22) with composites) with composites
[[HillsHills] Treatment of hazardous waste] Treatment of hazardous waste
2006 2006 [[Carbon8Carbon8] Production of aggregates by carbonation] Production of aggregates by carbonation
20082008 [[Carbon8Carbon8] Carbonated building materials] Carbonated building materials
‘Quirks’ of the carbonation reaction:
C or CH-basedC or CH-based CS -basedCS -based
CO2CO2
Intra-grain reaction Intra-grain reaction productsproducts
Extra-grain reaction Extra-grain reaction productsproducts
Ca
CaCa
CaCa
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
Early observations:Early observations:
50 um50 um
Carbonate-ability of thermal wastesCarbonate-ability of thermal wastes
Influence of ACT on pHInfluence of ACT on pH
Carbonation of contaminated soilCarbonation of contaminated soil
Trials in E. London, April 2008Trials in E. London, April 2008
Treatment of hazardous wasteTreatment of hazardous waste
Sludges untreated
Carbonated sludge with PFA and bentonite Carbonated sludge with PFA and bentonite
Production of artificial aggregatesProduction of artificial aggregates
•Key considerations include:Key considerations include:
- choice/availability of active/suitable wastes- choice/availability of active/suitable wastes
- waste blends- waste blends
- process condition, e.g. CO- process condition, e.g. CO22 partial pressure partial pressure
- throughput- throughput
- market need?- market need?
Production of aggregatesProduction of aggregates
Steel Wastewater Sludge Quarry Fines
Bauxite
Wood Ash
Paper Ash
Metal Dust
Aggregate structureAggregate structure
Aggregate propertiesAggregate properties
Full-scale scale plant ca 70,000kg/hr (soil/waste)Full-scale scale plant ca 70,000kg/hr (soil/waste)
Manufacture of light-weight or dense-weight Manufacture of light-weight or dense-weight aggregates (10,000 -50,000kg/hr)aggregates (10,000 -50,000kg/hr)
Manufacture of carbonated building materials, Manufacture of carbonated building materials, through:through:
Optimisation of processes for specific applicationsOptimisation of processes for specific applications
Performance testing/certification of productsPerformance testing/certification of products
Key industrial partnerships with Carbon8 SystemsKey industrial partnerships with Carbon8 Systems
Next Stage of development for ACTNext Stage of development for ACT
ACT is a developing technologyACT is a developing technology
Potential to recycle waste in carbonated products Potential to recycle waste in carbonated products utilising greenhouse gas emissionsutilising greenhouse gas emissions
Intermediate-scale manufacture of carbonated Intermediate-scale manufacture of carbonated aggregates available shortlyaggregates available shortly
Optimisation of carbonation process for specific Optimisation of carbonation process for specific applications underwayapplications underway
Wider opportunities for the application of Wider opportunities for the application of carbonation technologytechnology
Acceptance of technology by IChemE, Shell Acceptance of technology by IChemE, Shell Springboard Challenge and Times HE outstanding Springboard Challenge and Times HE outstanding innovation award successesinnovation award successes
SummarySummary
Acknowledgements
Shell/BPShell/BP
NISPNISP
RE-KTN/EPSRCRE-KTN/EPSRC
Gallagher AggregatesGallagher Aggregates
Viridor Waste ManagementViridor Waste Management
Waste Recycling GroupWaste Recycling Group
E-onE-on
Carbon-Free Group
Southern and Scottish